How do the amino acids aspartate and alanine provide a source of carbon for gluconeogenesis? Write out the structures for the interconversions of these amino acids and their corresponding deaminated (amino group removed) α-keto acids.

1. The regulation of aspartate derived amino acids in Arabidopsis thaliana is depicted as an integrated network involving pathway end products that act as allosteric effectors on enzymes in intermediate steps.

   1. Explain the downstream consequence of a reduction in the amount of S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) on the overall flux of carbon through the various branches of this metabolic pathway.

   2. The first step in converting aspartate into other amino acids is the phosphorylation of aspartate. In A. thaliana, there are five distinct aspartate kinase enzymes, two of which (AK I and AK II) are bi-functional enzymes that also possess homoserine dehydrogenase activity (HSDH I and
      HSDH II, respectively). What is the net effect of combining AK and HSDH activities into one enzyme? How does regulation of AK I/HSDH I and AK II/HSDH II impact the flow of carbon skeletons toward the possible end products in this pathway?

5. TRUE or FALSE: The glycolysis pathway is reversible to allow glucose production from specific deaminated amino acids during fasting.

1. True
2. False

6. What happens to the amino group of deaminated amino acids?

1. The liver can metabolize it to glucose by gluconeogenesis.
2. The liver metabolize it to urea
3. The liver metabolize it to ketones

7. What will happen to the carbon skeleton of the deaminated amino acids when excessive protein and calories are consumed?

a. It is metabolized by the liver to urea

b. They will be metabolized to fat

c. They will be metabolized to ketones

8. What is the main function of the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD?

1. To form water
2. To act as enzymes by removing hydrogen atoms from substrate
3. To transport hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain.

9. During the oxidation of glucose, what happens to the carbons as they are removed from glucose?

1. They produce water
2. They bond to NAD+
3. They form CO2
4. They form Coenzyme A

10. What happens during the Kreb Cycle?.

1. 3 molecules of NAD⁺ and one molecule of FAD are reduced per cycle
2. 1 ATP is produced at the substrate level per cycle
3. Carbon is removed from substrates of the Kreb Cycle as Carbon dioxide and expired by the lungs.
4. All of the above

11.   Which of the following is FALSE?

1. Members of the electron transport chain are activated by electrons, turning them into proton pumps.
2. Protons and ATP are transported out of the mitochondria and into the cytoplasm by a proton-ATP exchanger
3. The diffusion of protons through Respiratory Assemblies activates ATP synthase .
4. The splitting of ATP activates members of the electron transport chain, turning them into pumps.

12. During the oxidation of glucose, the greatest amount of ATP is produced:

1. At the substrate level
2. By oxidative phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)

1. What is the reaction in Glycolysis pathway that generates NADH ?
   (write reaction without structures)

2. Write the name of one key allosteric enzyme in the Glycolysis pathway ?

3. What is the net products of catabolism of one glucose in Glycolysis pathway ?

4. What is Glycogenesis and what is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes it ?

5. What is the effects of Insulin and Glucagon on Glycogenesis ?

Reactions require energy. The reaction that adds a new nucleoside to a growing chain of DNA requires energy as well. Where does this energy come fromWhat is the name of the enzyme involved in this process?

The enzyme named above only moves in what direction along the DNA strand? What consequences does this have on the other strand? What is an Okazaki fragment, and how are they later “glued” together?

What are the types and major functions for each type of RNA?

Define transcription and translation. Which process occurs first in order to make protein from DNA?

In what direction does a polymerase move when synthesizing a strand of mRNA?

Where in the cell is mRNA synthesized? Where does it go after its synthesis?

Define codon.

What codon(s) signal the start and stop of protein synthesis?

In one sentence, explain what tRNA does.

What enzyme attaches the correct amino acid to each tRNA? Is there only one kind of this enzyme that works for all 20 different amino acids?

Define anticodon. Define translocation.

Why does protein synthesis end when the stop codon is encountered by the ribosome?

1. Glycogenesis is building up glycogen from glucose molecules, while gluconeogenesis is making glucose from non-carbohydrate source.

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 2

1. The oxidation of fatty acids occurs in the ______________

   		cell membrane
   		mitochondria
   		nucleus
   		cytosol

1 points   

QUESTION 3

1. Acetyl-CoA is a key compound in the metabolic pathways, which can be produced in all of the following, except

   		from pyrovate
   		from fatty acids during beta oxidation
   		from alcohol oxidation
   		from oxidation of non-glucogenic amino acids
   		all of the above are correctly stated.

1 points   

QUESTION 4

1. The end  products of cellular respiration are  ______________

   		H2O, CO2, and 32 ATP
   		glucose and 32 ATP
   		water and CO2
   		glycogen

1 points   

QUESTION 5

1. Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism that may result in impaired mental development in children. Which of the following statements is true about this disease?

   		it is due to deficiency of phenyl alanine hydroxylase enzyme in the liver.
   		It results in insufficient production of tyrosine amino acid
   		People of Irish descent are especially affected
   		The mandatory screening test to all newly born children proved effective in early diagnosis and proper management.
   		all of the above are correct.

1 points   

QUESTION 6

1. These two minerals are vital in carrying out the electron transport chain for the production of ATP molecules of energy in the mitochondria

   		copper and magnesium
   		iron and calcium
   		zinc and magnesium
   		copper and iron

1 points   

QUESTION 7

1. The total number of ATP produced in glycolysis is _____

   		1 ATP
   		2 ATP
   		4 ATP
   		32 ATP

1 points   

QUESTION 8

1. Metabolism is regulated by ____________

   		hormones
   		enzymes
   		the energy status of the body
   		all of the above are correct

1 points   

QUESTION 9

1. In fasting as well as in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, oxidation of fatty acids leads to accumulation of ___________

   		ketone bodies with resulting alkalosis
   		ketone bodies with ketonuria and loss of sodium and potassium in the urine.
   		fatty acids in the liver with hyperkalemia (increased potassium in the blood)
   		Ketone bodies with loss of urea in the urine

1 points   

QUESTION 10

1. When a muscle is exercising under anaerobic conditions, the production of __________ ensures continuous supply of NAD.

   		glucose-6- phosphate
   		pyruvate
   		lactate
   		glycogen

1 points   

QUESTION 11

1. In electron transport chain, when a chemical compound is oxidized, it gains electrons

   True

   False

1 points   

QUESTION 12

1. The end product of protein metabolism is ____________, which is combined with ____________ in the liver to make ______________, which is excreted mainly in the _____________

   		ammonia, CO2, urea, kidneys
   		urea, CO2, ammonium, kidneys
   		ammonium, CO2, urea, skin
   		urea, CO2, ammonium, liver

1 points   

QUESTION 13

1. All of the following are part of the cellular respiration, except ______________

   		citric acid cycle
   		electron transport chain
   		transition molecule
   		protein deamination
   		glycolysis

1 points   

QUESTION 14

1. During fasting, all of the following may take place, except ______________

   		The liver glycogen is breaking down in order to maintain the blood glucose level
   		lipolysis and beta oxidation might take place
   		amino acids might be converted to oxaloacetic acid and glucose
   		glucagon, growth hormone, and epinephrine are released
   		Insulin enhances the transport of glucose into the cells for oxidation

1 points   

QUESTION 15

1. All of the following metabolic activities take place in the liver, except __________

   		formation of ketone bodies during beta oxidation of fatty acids
   		formation of urea from ammonia and CO2
   		storage of glucose in form of glycogen
   		conversion of alcohol to acetaldehyde and acetyl-CoA
   		synthesis of cholesterol
   		all of the above are correctly done in the liver

1. CO₂ is a byproduct of cellular respiration. When does it form?

   	a.	intermediate step
   	b.	citric acid cycle
   	c.	glycolysis
   	d.	a & b
   	e.	all of these

Which of these are involved during the direct synthesis of a protein?

1. The deletion of a single base pair in the DNA can result in

   	a.	a nonfunctional protein
   	b.	a shift in reading frame
   	c.	the wrong amino acids being  used in translation
   	d.	a & b
   	e.	all of these

1. During ____ , the DNA double-helix is opened and a small region is used to make mRNA.

   		DNA replication
   		RNA replication
   		transcription
   		translation
   		mRNA synthesis

Proteins

1. What is the monomer of a protein?
2. What is one of the most important roles of an enzyme?
3. Describe what happens to protein function when a protein is denatured.
4. Explain how a peptide bond forms between two amino acids.
5. Draw an amino acid.
6. What are the four levels of protein structure? Provide a definition/description of each level.
   1. Explain how the primary structure of a protein is determined.
   2. Name two types of secondary protein structure. Explain the role of hydrogen bonds in maintaining secondary structure.
   3. Explain how weak interactions and disulfide bridges contribute to tertiary protein structure. – R group interactions