List the sequence of structures that a single amino acid (initially in a protein molecule that you eat) goes through from the moment it passes your lips to when it ends up in a hepatocyte. Then explain what (if any) chemicals relevant to digestive physiology it is exposed to at each step and what happens to the protein and eventually protein fragments each step of the way.

Suppose that a particular reaction has a ΔG=(-18) and an EA=9. It is noted that there is no detectable conversion of the reactions into products.

Select all of the things that would be expected to result in the production of significant amounts of product:

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Which of the following directly or indirectly results from an increase in action potential frequency/number in serotonergic neurons?

The lac operon is regulated via positive and negative regulation. Explain how each
mechanism works on this operon, and under which circumstances will the operon be
turned on. Include the definition of an operon
2. What are the advantages to a microbe of having inducible enzymes? What is the
function of toluene in the experiment where you induced enzyme function?

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor drug enalaprilat is used to treat hypertension and has poor oral bioavailability as well as a short half-life. What functional groups and properties of the drug may be responsible for these drawbacks and what can be done to modify the structure to improve both oral bioavailability and half-life?

1. The three main types of cell surface receptors are ion-channel-coupled receptors, G-protein-coupled receptors, and enzyme-couple receptors. They are all capable of binding extracellular signaling molecules but differ in how they relay that signal across the membrane. How does each type of surface receptor relay signal?

True or False and why?

1. Bacteria living in a volatile (heterogenous) environment would likely have more control element for gene expression than an endosymbiont.
2. Bacterial gene regulation at the enzyme results in a quicker response compared to regulation of transcription.
3. Mutations in the bacterial genome are typically lethal in part because bacteria are diploid.

DNA transposons and retrotransposons are similar: