In: Biology
"The most widely used stain in microbiology is the Gram stain. Based on differences in the structure of the bacterial cell wall, the Gram stain divides bacteria into two major groups: Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Gram-positive cells have a thick layer of peptidoglycan, a polymer made of amino acids and sugars, in the cell wall. Crystal violet binds to peptidoglycan, rendering the cell purple. Gram-negative cells also have peptidoglycan and initially also stain purple. Since the peptidoglycan layer is much thinner, the crystal violet staining is washed out when the cells are exposed to ethanol. They are then stained by the pink counterstain, commonly safranin or fuchsine. Gram-positive cells also take up safranin, but because of the dark purple staining of the cell wall, the lighter pink color can not be observed. The Gram stain is typically the first step in the identification of unknown bacteria. Peptidoglycan is the target of a class of antibiotics called B-lactam antibiotics. While the peptidoglycan layer is thinner in Gram-negative bacteria, these organisms are less susceptible to B-lactam antibiotics as they have an outer membrane, an additional lipid bilayer that surrounds the cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria have a single lipid bilayer inside the cell wall. Like with all staining methods described here, the basic shape and morphology of the bacterium can also be observed in Gram-stained samples."
The passage above states: "Gram-positive cells also take up safranin, but because of the dark purple staining of the cell wall, the lighter pink color can not be observed.
but if we can not observe the light pink in gram-positive bacteria how then do we determine if it is gram-positive? can someone please explain what the passage is trying to say. it is confusing.
In: Biology
learn more about how and when these molecules fuel your muscles, click on the image thumbnail to see a larger version of this focus figure. Then, complete the activities that follow.
Part A - The Vocabulary of Exercise Nutrition
In order to understand how the food you eat helps to fuel your body during exercise, you must first be able to use the vocabulary. Review the sentences below and select the term that best completes the sentence.
Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right.
View Available Hint(s)
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Reset Help anaerobic carbohydrate loading ATP carbohydrates aerobic amino acids fat muscle glycogen CP 1. Cardiorespiratory exercise, also known as exercise, uses oxygen and typically involves using large muscle groups during continuous activities. 2. Your body produces energy under conditions during the first few seconds of intense exercise. 3. When the end phosphate is hydrolyzed from an molecule, ADP is formed, and energy is released. 4. is stored in the muscles and is broken down to replenish ATP stores. 5. When participating in low-intensity activities over a long period of time, the body primarily uses for energy. 6. A small amount of can be utilized for energy production during endurance events, but their primary role is to promote muscle growth and help with repair. 7. Your body burns for energy during every type of exercise that lasts longer than three seconds. Intensity and duration of exercise will affect the percentage of energy that is derived from this source. 8. Endurance athletes may use a training strategy known as to maximize their body's glycogen stores. 9. The body's preferred carbohydrate source for energy during very high intensity exercise is . |
In: Nursing
For statements b-k, enter an X to indicate if it is associated with DNA replication, transcription or translation. A statement may apply to more than one.
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Strand 1: 5’ A T C T C C T G C C C C T C A T A A 3’
Strand 2: 3’ T A G A G G A C G G G G A G T A T T 5’
6. What molecule is produced through the process of translation?
7,Translate the following mRNA strand using the codon chart below:
mRNA: 5’ C C A U G U C C C A A C G U C C C G G A A A C U A A 3’
peptide:
In: Biology
fatty acids with an odd number of carbons are modified by carboxylation of propionyl CoA to ultimately generate the 4 carbon TCA intermediate_____ a. citric acid b. succinyl CoA c. Fumaric acid d. oxalic acid CoA e. Acetyl CoA
In: Chemistry
Summarize the current fat intake recommendations. Include recommendations for total fat, saturated fat, trans-fat, essential fatty acids, and omega-3. How does the percent of calories as fat in the North American diet compare with these health-promotion recommendations?
In: Biology
Distinguish between the roles Omega 3 and Omega 6 fatty acids play in the body. Discuss why it is recommended that Americans should increase their Omega 3 intakes. Do you feel that taking an omega 3 supplement is beneficial? Why or why not?
In: Nursing
Both polypeptides (proteins) and polynucleotides (RNA and DNA) are characterized by their primary structure. Briefly define that term with reference to each type of biomolecule. Then, briefly describe the connection between the two - that is, how the primary structure of nucleic acids translates to the primary structure of a protein.
In: Biology
Match each subtype of lipid listed on the right to all statements on the left that are appropriate to the lipid subtype.
Question 12 options:
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In: Chemistry
Glycogen phosphorylase and the sodium-potassium pump both have amino acid residues that can be phosphorylated. In the case of the sodium-potassium pump it is Asp369. In glycogen phosphorylase, it is Ser14 that gets phosphorylated. Compare and contrast the role of phosphorylation for both proteins with regards to how the proteins function.
In: Biology