A common parameter that can be used to predict turbulence in fluid flow is called the Reynolds number. The Reynolds number for fluid flow in a pipe is a dimensionless quantity defined as Re = ρvd μ where ρ is the density of the fluid, v is its speed, d is the inner diameter of the pipe, and μ is the viscosity of the fluid. Viscosity is a measure of the internal resistance of a liquid to flow and has units of Pa · s. The criteria for the type of flow are as follows. • If Re < 2,300, the flow is laminar. • If 2,300 < Re < 4,000, the flow is in a transition region between laminar and turbulent. • If Re > 4,000, the flow is turbulent. (a) Let's model blood of density 1.06 103 kg/m3 and viscosity 3.00 10-3 Pa · s as a pure liquid, that is, ignore the fact that it contains red blood cells. Suppose it is flowing in a large artery of radius 1.35 cm with a speed of 0.0680 m/s. Show that the flow is laminar. (State the Reynolds number of the flow, which will be less than 2,300, indicating laminar flow.) (b) Imagine that the artery ends in a single capillary so that the radius of the artery reduces to a much smaller value. What is the radius of the capillary that would cause the flow to become turbulent? (Use the minimum Reynolds number for which flow is fully turbulent.) (c) Actual capillaries have radii of about 5–10 micrometers, much smaller than the value in part (b). Why doesn't the flow in actual capillaries become turbulent? In the human body, the artery branches into approximately 10 billion capillaries, not the single capillary in part (b). The area of the sum of all capillaries is the area of the artery, and so the blood flows through the capillaries through the artery. In each capillary, given this speed v and the small diameter d of 5–10 micrometers, the Reynolds number is small and indicates laminar flow.

Wildhorse Department Store is located in midtown Metropolis. During the past several years, net income has been declining because suburban shopping centers have been attracting business away from city areas. At the end of the company’s fiscal year on November 30, 2022, these accounts appeared in its adjusted trial balance.

Accounts Payable$ 39,400

Accounts Receivable25,600

Accumulated Depreciation—Equipment102,000

Cash12,000

Common Stock52,500

Cost of Goods Sold914,940

Freight-Out9,730

Equipment238,590

Depreciation Expense20,700

Dividends18,000

Gain on Disposal of Plant Assets3,000

Income Tax Expense15,000

Insurance Expense13,500

Interest Expense7,500

Inventory39,100

Notes Payable65,250

Prepaid Insurance9,000

Advertising Expense50,250

Rent Expense51,000

Retained Earnings21,100

Salaries and Wages Expense178,040

Sales Revenue1,356,000

Salaries and Wages Payable9,000

Sales Returns and Allowances30,000

Utilities Expense15,300

1. Prepare a multiple-step income statement. (List other revenues before other expenses.)

2. Prepare a retained earnings statement. (List items that increase retained earnings first.)

3.  Prepare a classified balance sheet. (List current assets in order of liquidity.)

4. Calculate the profit margin and the gross profit rate. (Round answers to 1 decimal place, e.g. 15.2%)

5. The vice president of marketing and the director of human resources have developed a proposal whereby the company would compensate the sales force on a strictly commission basis. Given the increased incentive, they expect net sales to increase by 15%. As a result, they estimate that gross profit will increase by $61,659 and expenses by $84,201.

Compute the expected new net income. (Hint: You do not need to prepare an income statement.) Then, compute the revised profit margin and gross profit rate. Comment on the effect that this plan would have on net income and on the ratios, and evaluate the merit of this proposal. (Ignore income tax effects.)

Consider the market for ice cream. Suppose that this market is perfectly competitive. The cost structure of the typical ice cream producer is as follows. Average total cost is equal to ???(?)=50?+12?, average variable cost is equal to ???(?)=12?, and marginal cost is equal to ??(?)=?.

a.) Give a formula for the typical ice cream producer’s average fixed cost ???(?). What is the typical ice cream producer’s total fixed cost?

b.) How many ice cream cones will each producer sell in a long-run equilibrium in the market for ice cream?

c.) What is the long-run market equilibrium price for ice cream?

Suppose that demand for ice cream cones is given by ??=403−1300×??.

d.) How many firms will operate in the market for ice cream in a long run equilibrium?

Now, suppose that a new scientific study comes out that shows that soil pollution from rock salt (a key input for making ice cream) is extremely hazardous to human health. In response, the government decides to impose harsh re-zoning restrictions on any land once used for making ice cream. This reduces the market rent for land used to make ice cream, which in turn lowers the opportunity cost of operating an ice cream factory. This reduction in the opportunity cost of capital causes the total fixed cost of ice cream production to fall to 32, but there is no change to variable cost.

e.) Give formulas for the typical ice cream producer’s new average total cost curve ???(?) and marginal cost curve ??(?).

f.) If the market for ice cream cones starts in its initial long run equilibrium, with the number of firms computed in d.), how much profit will ice cream firms make in the short run?

g.) How many firms will operate in the market for ice cream in the new long-run equilibrium?

1.     What is the goal of inferential statistics?

a.     To summarize data

b.     Drawing conclusions about data

c.     To quantify results

d.     To generalize based on data

2.     To determine if using a study guide is an effective tool for improving students’ understanding of statistical concepts, students either received (based on random assignment) a study guide or no study guide and subsequently took a test examining their knowledge on various statistical concepts. In this study, the presence/absence of the study guide is:

a.     The independent variable

b.     The dependent variable

c.     The extraneous variable

d.     The random variable

3.     The above study (in question 2) can best be described as:

a.     An experiment

b.     A correlational study

c.     A survey

d.     One involving two variables that are manipulated.

4.    Explain the goal of experimental studies.

5.    Explain the key features of experimentation that

a.    enables it to accomplish that goal.

6.     What is one limitation of correlational studies in relation to experimental studies?

a.     The lack of generalizability to human populations.

b.     The small sample size.

c.     The inability to provide information on causal relations.

d.     The lack of a clear cut conclusion

8.     What are the two reasons that limit the ability of correlational studies to provide information on causal relations between measured variables?

9.    Determining a college student’s academic major is an example of a(n)_____ scale of measurement.

a.    nominal          

b.    ordinal

c.     interval

d.     ratio

10. In a study, people’s weekly TV viewing time was classified as 1) less than 1 hour; 2) 1-2 hours, 3) 3-5 hours; 4) 6-10 hours, and 5) more than 10 hours. In this study, the measure of TV viewing times was what kind of measure?

a.     A nominal measure

b.     An ordinal measure

c.     An interval measure

d.     A ratio measure

Question 1

Consider the population of history scores for a class comprising 5 students A, B, C, D and, E. The marks are as follows:

Student            A         B         C         D         E

Score               70        78        80        80        95

(a) List the 10 possible samples of 3 from the 5 students, A, B, C, D and E.

(b) Find the sample mean for each of the 10 samples.

(c) Find the mean of the 10 sample means.

Question 2

Assume that a human pregnancy has a population mean of 280 days and a population standard deviation of 8 days. Determine the following probabilities:

(a) The probability that one randomly chosen pregnant woman exceeds 284 days before giving birth.

(b) We take a random sample of n = 5 pregnant women. Find the probability that the mean number of days for this group of 5 women exceeds 284 days.

(c) Compare your answers for parts a) and b). Why are they different?

(d) What was the value of the standard error for part a)? For part (b)? Why are these different?

Question 3

In a random sample of forty-eight 200-metre swims has a mean time of 3.12 minutes and a standard deviation of 0.09 minutes.

(a) Construct the 89% confidence interval for the population mean time.

(b) If all the other quantities remain the same, how does the indicated change affect the width of the confidence interval?

(i) Increase in the sample size

(ii) Increase in the level of confidence.

Question 4

In a sample of 400 shops it was discovered that 136 of them sold carpets at below the list prices, which had been recommended by manufacturers.

(a)            Estimate the percentage of all carpet selling shops below list price.

(b)           Calculate the 95% confidence limits for this estimate.

Alexander Tziamalis in 2018 wrote, “One of the first things economics students learn about is Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is also a central concept in many political debates, including Brexit. Will it rise? Will it fall? What effect will this have on our lives? Gross Domestic Product measures the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country, calculating the net value added by each economic “actor”. So if you produce a car sold for £10,000 but you bought parts and materials worth £8,000, then your contribution to the GDP is £2,000. GDP assesses the size of an economy as well as the incomes it generates and the pace at which it grows (or shrinks) over time. A new book by economics journalist David Pilling suggests that in some developing countries GDP has become a national obsession – and with good reason. A nation’s GDP can invite foreign investment, or scare it away. Even in developed economies, a failure to boost GDP yearly can have negative economic and political repercussions. But despite its wide use, there are problems with attaching so much importance to GDP….”   Similarly, when it comes to GDP Robert Kennedy in 1968 remarked that it “measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile.” Critically assess the claims by Tziamalis and Kennedy that suggests that placing much emphasis on GDP seems to equally harm human welfare and the world.                                                                      [22 marks]

Many Ghanaians anxiously, were waiting for the Ghana’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to announce a new Prime rate base on the current economic situation. Last Wednesday, the MPC at a press conference said they have decided to maintain the Prime rate of 18% for the rest of the year. Explain how such an action is expected to affect money supply in the country, holding everything constant?                                      [8 marks]

Alexander Tziamalis in 2018 wrote, “One of the first things economics students learn about is Gross Domestic Product (GDP). GDP is also a central concept in many political debates, including Brexit. Will it rise? Will it fall? What effect will this have on our lives? Gross Domestic Product measures the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country, calculating the net value added by each economic “actor”. So if you produce a car sold for £10,000 but you bought parts and materials worth £8,000, then your contribution to the GDP is £2,000. GDP assesses the size of an economy as well as the incomes it generates and the pace at which it grows (or shrinks) over time. A new book by economics journalist David Pilling suggests that in some developing countries GDP has become a national obsession – and with good reason. A nation’s GDP can invite foreign investment, or scare it away. Even in developed economies, a failure to boost GDP yearly can have negative economic and political repercussions. But despite its wide use, there are problems with attaching so much importance to GDP….”   Similarly, when it comes to GDP Robert Kennedy in 1968 remarked that it “measures everything in short, except that which makes life worthwhile.” Critically assess the claims by Tziamalis and Kennedy that suggests that placing much emphasis on GDP seems to equally harm human welfare and the world.                                                                      [22 marks]

Many Ghanaians anxiously, were waiting for the Ghana’s Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to announce a new Prime rate base on the current economic situation. Last Wednesday, the MPC at a press conference said they have decided to maintain the Prime rate of 18% for the rest of the year. Explain how such an action is expected to affect money supply in the country, holding everything constant?                                      [8 marks]

1.Many of the traits we learned about in this lab have had a lasting effect on our lineage, and as a human, you still bear their consequences today. For example, humans are at high risk of knee injuries, such as tears in the ligaments that support the knee joint between the femur and tibia. What adaptation that traces back to australopiths, like Lucy, might put additional strain on your knee? Why would a trait with such negative consequences have evolved?

2.In this lab, we reviewed numerous fossil species and their defining characteristics. To help you make comparisons across these species and understand larger trends in our evolutionary history, review the species discussed in this lab and answer the following questions.

Part i. In what geographic region(s) have numerous early hominin discoveries been made? How do those regions relate to the locations of the pre-australopith species that came before them?

Part ii. Review the australopith and early Homo behaviors and compare them with what you know about pre-australopiths. What behaviors are documented in australopiths and Homo habilisthat are not seen in pre-australopiths? Why might these behaviors appear in the more recent species and not in the pre-australopith group?

Part iii. Choose one gracile australopith species and one robust australopith species, and list at least two traits that distinguish them. Also list at least two things they have in common. What do your answers suggest about their classification and relationship to each other?

Part iv. Choose any australopith species and compare it withHomo habilis. List at least two traits that distinguish these species. What do your answers suggest about their classification and relationship to each other? Which one are you more closely related to (with which do you have more in common)?

1. Placing a magnetic dipole field between Mars and the sun may help restore Mars'

A. atmosphere

B. water availability

C. temperature regulation

2. Sporophytes

A. consume spores

B. generate spores

C. generate pollen and eggs

D. comsume pollen and eggs

3. During aging, there is a slight reduction in heart rate because

A. the heart increases in size

B. fatty & fibrous tissues accumulate around the SA node

C. the heart valve stiffen

4. A key difficulty of preparing a computer system to house human brain information is trying to emulate the signaling pathways of the nervous system.

true

false

5. Loss of bone mass during aging leads to

A. osteogenesis

B. osteosarcoma

C. osteoporosis

D. loss of connective tissue

6. Signs and symptoms of aging can be slowed by

A. eating a healthy diet

B. exercising

C. caloric restriction

D. socialization

E. all of the above

7. In order for cross-species transmission to occur

A. there must be contact between the virus and host

B. the infection needs to be amplified within the host

C. variants need to be produced in the new host that allow for transfer to other humans

D. all of the above

8. The Fermi Paradox attempts to explain the likelihood of finding intelligent life in other galaxies.

true

false

9. The most basic part of our brain is the part that controls our autonomic functions, referred to as the mammalian brain.

true

false

10. Aging reduces all of the following in the circulatory system except

A. white blood cells

B. hemoglobin

C. lymphocytes

11. Progeria and Werner syndrome, which both cause premature aging, are a result of

A. genetic causes

B. environmental factors

C. epigenetics