Explain Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. What does it tell us about employee motivation? Cite an example of what a company does to provide motivation for each of the levels within the hierarchy?

I believe having a diverse workforce is very valuable,as diversity is much needed in today's world.When in business you have people to be able to meet all needs which may require language, nationality, socioeconomic status, gender, religion, or sexual orientation.Is it a challenge for human resource managers yes.Having to learn and understand everyone's background and coming to an understanding with what works best for everyone to work together.I believe these challenges are overcome by open door policies and communication.If you are interviewing probably and knowing your teams weak and strong needs you are able to bring in the right fit to make everything balance in the work place.I also believe open door leaves room for employees and employers to discuss things properly without confrontation and understanding core values.

What is your reply about that post?

The world post Covid 19 has created the concept of social distancing which will impact on the way we do business. Online purchasing is expected to increase because it will reduce human interaction and contribute to the reduction of Covid 19 related illnesses. However, online purchases have created contemporary legal issues which may be a novel for most legal systems in several Caribbean Countries.

You are required to critically discuss the concept of online purchases and the various methods used in online transactions with supporting case laws.

Secondly, critically discuss FIVE (5) CONTEMPORY CASE LAWS related to online purchasing at the International Level, focusing on the judgements handed down in those cases and most importantly how do you think that will impact on the Caribbean online purchaser.

Finally, bearing in mind your answers above; what do you think (your opinion) that Caribbean Governments can initiate via its legal systems to enhance and protect online purchasers legal rights?

Globular clusters were classified by Shapley and Sawyer as being on a scale from 1 to 12 where 1 is very loosely packed central area and 12 is highly packed central area. As a visual astronomer, it seems difficult to judge the concentration of a globular cluster.

Has anyone tried to classify globular clusters concentration classes for something like the Astronomical League Club for Globular Clusters? http://www.astroleague.org/al/obsclubs/globular/globular1.html

It seems that to judge concentration you first need to know what percentage of the diameter of the globular cluster corresponds to the packed core. Visually, knowing the official stated size seems to be required since without that, it is hard to say how concentrated the core is as a glow percentage.

Can any human eye get anywhere near detecting all twelve steps of concentration? It is easy enough to distinguish 3 or 4 levels, but twelve seems daunting.

How can I attempt to properly judge globular clusters on the Shapley and Sawyer scale?

1)The fate of the 1^st opening in the protostomes and the 2^nd opening in the Deuterostomes is determined by: a) chondrocytes, b) osteocytes, c) neurocytes, d) myocytes, e) mesoderm.

2). In the circulatory system, what do the Aorta and the Pulmonary artery have in common? They both: a) carry blood with high O2. b) carry blood with low O₂, c) carry blood toward the heart, d) carry blood away from the heart, e) connect directly to veins.

3)The mitochondrion is important because? a) It conducts glycolysis. b) It is the site of aerobic cellular respiration. c) It is found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. d) It produces O₂, e) None are important roles for the mitochondrion.

4)The tissues that differentiate to form the Pancreas are derived from   a) epithelial cells from the endoderm, b) muscle cells from the mesoderm, c) connective tissue from the mesoderm, d) nervous tissue from the ectoderm, e) all are true.

5)The Porifera (sponges) are the first organisms to exhibit: a) specialized germ layers, b) amoebacyte cells that move through the colony releasing collagen and Calcium Carbonate outside the cell, c) neuromuscular cells, d) a digestive tube, e) Brain cells

6) For the sense of smell, the sensors detect the stimulus by: a) phagocytosis of the stimulus, b) releasing smell proteins into the environment, c) having specific receptor molecules in the cell membrane that bind a specific chemical shape that causes a nerve impulse d) determining the temperature of the stimulus, e) none of these.

7) In deuterostomes, all the following are true about the development of the nerve cells EXCEPT: a) They develop from the endoderm cells, b) They develop from the ectoderm. c) They are related to the neuromuscular cells in the Cnidaria, d) They develop from Neurocytes and eventually form the Central Nervous System, e) They function by using membrane bound Na+/K+ pumps and protein portals.

8)The multi-cellular body plan (demonstrated by the Cnideria) are possible because of the evolution of specialized cells resulting from changes that include: a) membrane proteins ( transport proteins, adhering proteins, receptor proteins etc.), b) DNA mutations and chromosomes , c)0₂ binding molecules such as hemoglobin, receptor peoteins,, enzynes, d) larges polymers, such as Myosin, Insulin starch Glycogen and chitin, e) all of these are correct,

which is the correct answer and please tell me why?

Thank you

Blueprint Problem: Support Department Cost Allocation The Difference Between Support Departments and Producing Departments When a firm decides that a plant wide overhead rate is not sufficient (perhaps it makes multiple products and the various products go through some processes but not all), it may decide to departmentalise. The factory is divided into departments and costs are accumulated within the departments. When that is done, there are basically two types of departments: producing departments that actually make units of product, and support departments that do not make the product but assist or support the producing departments. Costs of support departments are allocated to producing departments for the following reasons: inventory valuation, product-line profitability, pricing, and planning and control. From the list below, determine which of the following are producing departments: Departments Is it a producing department? Assembly Yes Human Resources No Industrial engineering (in a bread factory) No Baking (in a bread factory) Yes Packaging Yes Accounting (in a paint factory) No Welding (in a auto manufacture) Yes Maintenance No Mixing (in a food factory) Yes Some costs are hard to associate with a single department, so a final catch-all department may be created called General Factory. This department includes all overhead costs that could not be traced to the other departments. For example, the salary of the plant superintendent and the cost of landscaping and grounds keeping may be included in General Factory. Once the factory is departmentalized, the costs of each department are traced to that department. All costs in the support departments are overhead costs. Costs in the producing departments can include direct overhead. For example, overhead cost directly traced to a producing department may include depreciation on machinery and the salary of the departmental supervisor. Feedback Correct Single and Dual Charging Rates A support department may develop a charging rate that is used to charge other departments that use the service. This is similar to an overhead rate. For example, Davis Company's information technology (IT) department is in charge of purchasing, installing and assisting other departments with computers and other forms of information technology. The IT department may develop a single charging rate by determining all budgeted costs for the year and dividing by the budgeted hours of IT personnel usage. Suppose the budgeted costs of the Davis Company IT Department for the coming year equal $240,000 and budgeted hours of service provided equal 5,000. What is the charging rate for the coming year? $ /service hour. If the Payroll Department uses 30 hours of IT service next year, how much is that department charged by IT? $ Notice that the charging rate is computed using budgeted numbers, but that the actual charge is the predetermined rate times actual usage of IT service hours. At the end of the year, the total amount charged out is compared to the total actual cost of the IT department to determine its efficiency/inefficiency. Dual charging rates require the department to separate fixed from variable costs and develop charging rates for each. In this way, the user departments are charged for their original capacity requirement through the fixed allocation and then charged for their actual usage of variable costs through the variable rate. Suppose that the Davis Company IT Department serves four other departments: Payroll, Factory, Human Resources, and Engineering. When the IT Department was organized, those using departments said they would need the following hours of IT service in a year: Estimated Hours of IT Service Percentage of IT Service Payroll 100 2.00% Factory 2,000 40.00% Human Resources 1,500 30.00% Engineering 1,400 28.00% Total 5,000 100.00% Davis' IT Department estimated that it would require budgeted fixed cost of $120,000 and variable costs of $20 per service hour. Calculate the fixed cost to be allocated to each of the four using departments and the variable costs to be assigned using the variable rate. What is the total amount charged to each department using these dual rates? (Fill in the following table.) Estimated Hours of IT Service Percentage of IT Service Fixed IT Cost Allocated Actual Hours of IT Service Used Variable Cost Allocated Using $20 Rate Total IT Cost Allocated Payroll 100 % $ 30 $ $ Factory 2,000 % 2,200 Human Resources 1,500 % 1,200 Engineering 1,400 % 1,400 Total 5,000 % $ 4,830 $ $ Why was less charged in total than the budgeted amount of $240,000? Less variable cost was charged because total actual hours were less than total budgeted hours. Is it possible to allocate more IT cost to the four user departments than budgeted? Yes, because increased actual hours will lead to more variable cost allocated to the user departments. Feedback Partially correct Support Department Cost Allocation Using the Direct Method Factory accountants usually allocate support department costs to the producing departments using one of three methods: the direct method, the sequential (or step) method, or the algebraic (or reciprocal) method. The objective is simple - to get all factory costs into the producing departments in order to calculate overhead rates and apply them to units produced. Why can't support departments allocate overhead costs to units produced? Support departments don't make the product that the company is in business to produce and sell - only producing departments do that. The direct method involves allocating overhead cost from the support departments to the producing departments. The direct method never allocates cost from one support department to another support department. As a result, it is the easiest of the three methods. Let's use Porter Company, as an example. Porter has two producing departments - Fabricating and Assembly - and three support departments - Maintenance, Human Resources (HR) and General Factory (GF). Porter provided the following information on the five departments: Maintenance HR GF Fabricating Assembly Direct overhead cost $80,000 $120,000 $260,000 $93,400 $56,700 Machine hours 1,000 3,000 5,000 12,000 3,000 Direct labor hours 4,000 5,000 8,000 10,000 30,000 Square footage 500 2,500 10,000 12,000 18,000 Porter uses the direct method of support department cost allocation. Maintenance is allocated based on machine hours, HR on the basis of direct labor hours, and GF on the basis of square footage. The Fabricating overhead rate is based on machine hours and the Assembly overhead rate is based on direct labor hours. Fill in the following table to allocate support department costs to the producing departments. (Round all allocation ratios to four significant digits and all allocated amounts to the nearest dollar. If an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank or enter "0".) Maintenance HR GF Fabricating Assembly Direct overhead cost $80,000 $120,000 $260,000 $93,400 $56,700 Allocate: Maintenance Human Resources General Factory Total after allocation $ $ $ $ $ Notice that after allocation, zero dollars remain in the support departments and all overhead cost has been allocated to the producing departments. As a check on your work, add up all direct overhead costs from the first line - it equals $610,100. Then add the totals after allocation - again, it equals $610,100. Finally, calculate the overhead rates (rounded to the nearest cent) for Fabricating and Assembly. Fabricating overhead rate $ per machine hour Assembly overhead rate $ per direct labor hour Suppose that the square footage for Fabricating and Assembly were equal at 12,000 each. How would that affect the allocation of the following: Maintenance: there would be no change Human Resources: there would be no change General Factory: increase amount allocated to Fabricating and decrease amount allocated to Assembly Feedback Partially correct Support Department Cost Allocation Using the Step or Sequential Method The step or sequential method requires that support departments be ranked and that the highest ranking support department be allocated first to all lower ranking support departments and the producing departments. Then the highest ranking support department is closed and the second-highest ranking support department is allocated to lower ranking support departments and the producing departments. This continues until all support department cost has been allocated to the producing departments. The sequential method takes partial account of support department reciprocity. Reciprocity occurs when one support department uses the services of another support department. For example, Maintenance uses HR and HR may use the services of Maintenance. The sequential method does not take full account of reciprocity because lower ranking support department costs are never allocated to higher ranking support departments. Let's use Porter Company, as an example. Porter has two producing departments (Fabricating and Assembly) and three support departments (Maintenance, Human Resources (HR) and General Factory (GF)). Porter provided the following information on the five departments: Maintenance HR GF Fabricating Assembly Direct overhead cost $80,000 $120,000 $260,000 $93,400 $56,700 Machine hours 1,000 3,000 5,000 12,000 3,000 Direct labor hours 4,000 5,000 8,000 10,000 30,000 Square footage 500 2,500 10,000 12,000 18,000 Porter uses the sequential method of support department cost allocation, and support departments are ranked in order of direct overhead cost (from high to low). Maintenance is allocated based on machine hours, HR on direct labor hours, and GF on the basis of square footage. The Fabricating overhead rate is based on machine hours and the Assembly overhead rate is based on direct labor hours. Calculate the allocation ratios to five significant digits and fill them into the following table (If an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank or enter "0".) : Maintenance HR GF Fabricating Assembly General Factory Human Resources Maintenance Using the allocation ratios, fill in the following table to allocate support department costs to the producing departments. (Round all allocated amounts to the nearest dollar. Leave cells blank that do not require an entry.) Maintenance HR GF Fabricating Assembly Direct overhead cost $80,000 $120,000 $260,000 $93,400 $56,700 Allocate: Maintenance Human Resources General Factory Total after allocation Notice that after allocation, zero dollars remain in the support departments and all overhead cost has been allocated to the producing departments. As a check on your work, add all direct overhead costs from the first line - it equals $610,100. Then add the totals after allocation - again, it equals $610,100. Finally, calculate the overhead rates (rounded to the nearest cent) for Fabricating and Assembly. Fabricating overhead rate $ per machine hour Assembly overhead rate $ per direct labor hour Feedback Partially correct Support Department Cost Allocation Using the Algebraic or Reciprocal Method The algebraic or reciprocal method takes full account of support department reciprocity. This method requires the solution of a system of simultaneous equations to determine the total support department costs to be allocated. In practice, relatively few companies use the reciprocal method. Let's use Anders Company, as an example. Anders has two producing departments - Cutting and Sewing - and two support departments - Maintenance and General Factory (GF). Anders provided the following information on the four departments: Maintenance GF Cutting Sewing Direct overhead cost $10,000 $270,000 $56,400 $75,000 Machine hours 459 2,000 9,000 9,000 Square footage 2,500 3,418 5,000 8,500 Anders uses the algebraic method of support department cost allocation. Maintenance is allocated based on machine hours, and GF on the basis of square footage. Calculate the allocation ratios to five significant digits and fill them into the following table (Leave cells blank that do not require an entry.): Maintenance GF Cutting Sewing General Factory Maintenance Using the allocation ratios, solve a system of simultaneous equations for support department cost as follows. Maintenance = $100,000 + 0.15625 GF GF = $270,000 + 0.1 Maintenance Substituting Maintenance into the equation for GF and solving for GF: GF = $270,000 + 0.1 ($100,000 + 0.15625 GF) GF = $270,000 + $10,000 + 0.015625 GF 0.984375 GF = $280,000 GF = $284,444 Then, Maintenance = $100,000 + 0.15625 ($284,444) = $144,444 Using the newly calculated amounts for GF and Maintenance and the allocation ratios, fill in the following table to allocate support department costs to the producing departments. (Round all allocated amounts to the nearest dollar. Leave cells blank that do not require an entry.) Maintenance GF Cutting Sewing Direct overhead cost $100,000 $270,000 $56,400 $75,000 Allocate: General Factory Maintenance Total after allocation Notice that after allocation, zero dollars remain in the support departments and all overhead cost has been allocated to the producing departments. As a check on your work, add all direct overhead costs from the first line - it equals $501,400. Then add the totals after allocation - again, it equals $501,400.

After DCH was found guilty, the court ordered that the company’s assets be liquidated and the proceeds be distributed to depositors. However, the court did not specify how the proceeds should be distributed.

- Adam thought that it would be fairest if the proceeds were distributed to depositors based on the amount of money deposited. The largest depositors should receive the greatest amount of the proceeds.

- Beth thought that it would be fairest if the proceeds were distributed to depositors based on the age of the deposits. The earliest depositors should receive the greatest amount of the proceeds

- Charlie thought that it would be fairest if the proceeds were distributed to depositors equally. Each depositor should receive an equal amount of the proceeds.

- Deb thought that it would be fairest if the proceeds were distributed to depositors based on each depositor’s needs. The neediest depositors should receive the greatest amount of the proceeds.

- Ernie thought that it would be fairest if the proceeds were distributed to depositors based on whether the depositor is an individual depositor or institutional depositor. Individual depositors should receive more than institutional depositors.

Whose distributive justice ethic best represents a communist sense of fairness?

QUESTION 19

Whose distributive justice ethic best represents an egalitarian sense of fairness?

QUESTION 20

Whose distributive justice ethic best represents a capitalist sense of fairness?

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Mary is a new human resources specialist for Ajax Corp. Ajax is a privately owned, third-generation family business based in Kabukistan. Mary was hired to handle the human resources functions for the company’s growing United States division which employs 500 employees. Last week, when analyzing the division’s payroll, she learned that 92 percent of the women who worked for the company in the US were compensated less than male employees who were in similar jobs. When she contacted Ajax’s HR department at company headquarters in Kabukistan, she was told that the company strove for fair compensation practices. Ajax often paid higher wages to men than women because Ajax’s male employees typically were the sole wage earner in their family and Ajax’s female employees were typically either single or their husbands also earned an income. Mary wondered whether this practice might hurt the company’s sales in the US if potential customers learned of this compensation practice. Moreover, although she believes that the compensation practice is okay in Kabukistan, Mary believes that the practice is unethical in the US. Bothered by the compensation practice, Mary spoke with her husband. He told Mary that he thought the practice is illegal in the US and advised her to speak with a member of the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Moreover, he stated that he believed such a practice was wrong and should not be allowed in the US, Kabukistan, or anywhere.

The Ajax headquarters human resources representative believes that the company’s compensation practice is fair. This sense of fairness is based on the idea that:

QUESTION 7

Mary’s concern for the US division’s sales reflects her belief that if knowledge about the compensation practice becomes public, many people would view it as unethical, which would __________. This would, in turn, lead to lower division performance.

1. Which structural level of organization encompasses the entire body and all levels of organization within it?
2. What is composed of two or more different types of tissues?
3. The respiratory system transfers oxygen from inhaled air to the blood. What does it transfer from the blood to exhaled air?
4. Which system of the human body breaks down food physically and chemically and absorbs nutrients?
5. Which of the following is a component of the lymphatics system? 1- Epididymides 2- thymus 3- parathyroid gland 4- gallbladder
6. Which system of the human body houses the cells that produce blood cells?
7. Which system of the human body releases hormones to regulate body activities?
8. The urinary system includes which of the following components? 1- Urethra 2- Uterus 3- Uterine tubes 4- Thymus
9. Which of the following systems produce sounds via air passing out of the lungs through the vocal cords? 1- Nervous 2- Integumentary 3-Lymphatic 4- Respiratory
10. The muscular system includes which type of voluntarily controlled muscle tissue? 1- cardiovascular 2- Skeleton
11. Within the thoracic cavity, which of the following is the space surrounding the heart? 1- Pericardial cavity 2- pleural cavity 3- mediastinum 4- diaphragm
12. Which of the following organs is included in the pelvic cavity? 1- Urinary bladder 2- Liver 3- kidney 4- Spleen
13. In the system of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions, what line is drawn through the midpoint of the left clavicle, just medial to the left nipple?
14. Which of the following is the dome-shaped structure separating the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? 1- Mediastinum 2- Diaphragm 3- Pericardium 4- Pleura
15. The protective tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord are known as what?
16. The dorsal cavity includes the cranial cavity and what?
17. Which of the following is a term for one of the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity? 1- Mediastinum 2- Right upper quadrant 3- Hypogastric 4- parietal
18. Within the thoracic cavity, what is the term for the spaces surrounding the lungs?
19. What type of movement is characterized by an increase in the angle between the articulating bones of a synovial joint?
20. What type of movement is characterized by a lateral movement of the sole of the foot, away from the midline?
21. Which directional term means on the opposite side of the body from another structure?
22. Which directional term means nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk or nearer to the origination of a structure?
23. A transverse plane is also known as what?
24. Which directional term means on the same side of the body as another structure?
25. Which directional term, also known as DORSAL, means nearer to or at the back of the body?
26. Which movement is characterized by a decrease in the angle between the articulating bones of a synovial joint?
27. Which movement is characterized by a movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly, a position that is one of the defining features of the anatomical position?
28. A midsagittal plane is also known as what?
29. Which movement is characterized by the movement of a body part in a circle?
30. Which regions of the upper limb is also known as the fingers?
31. The spinal column is also known as what region?
32. The sternal region is a component of which body regions?
33. Which region of the lower limb is also known as the space behind the knee?
34. The cheeks are also known as which region?
35. The chest is also known as which region?
36. The cranial and facial regions are parts of which major region of the body?
37. The region known as the lower limb is attached to the trunk and includes a thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and what?
38. Which of region of the upper limb is also known as the forearm?
39. Which region is also known as the navel?
40. The eyes are also known as what region?

PLEASE JUST THE SPECFIC ANSWERS- DON'T NEED EXPLENATIONS- JUST THE ANSWERS

1. Which structural level of organization encompasses the entire body and all levels of organization within it?
2. What is composed of two or more different types of tissues?
3. The respiratory system transfers oxygen from inhaled air to the blood. What does it transfer from the blood to exhaled air?
4. Which system of the human body breaks down food physically and chemically and absorbs nutrients?
5. Which of the following is a component of the lymphatics system? 1- Epididymides 2- thymus 3- parathyroid gland 4- gallbladder
6. Which system of the human body houses the cells that produce blood cells?
7. Which system of the human body releases hormones to regulate body activities?
8. The urinary system includes which of the following components? 1- Urethra 2- Uterus 3- Uterine tubes 4- Thymus
9. Which of the following systems produce sounds via air passing out of the lungs through the vocal cords? 1- Nervous 2- Integumentary 3-Lymphatic 4- Respiratory
10. The muscular system includes which type of voluntarily controlled muscle tissue? 1- cardiovascular 2- Skeleton
11. Within the thoracic cavity, which of the following is the space surrounding the heart? 1- Pericardial cavity 2- pleural cavity 3- mediastinum 4- diaphragm
12. Which of the following organs is included in the pelvic cavity? 1- Urinary bladder 2- Liver 3- kidney 4- Spleen
13. In the system of dividing the abdominopelvic cavity into nine regions, what line is drawn through the midpoint of the left clavicle, just medial to the left nipple?
14. Which of the following is the dome-shaped structure separating the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? 1- Mediastinum 2- Diaphragm 3- Pericardium 4- Pleura
15. The protective tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord are known as what?
16. The dorsal cavity includes the cranial cavity and what?
17. Which of the following is a term for one of the nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity? 1- Mediastinum 2- Right upper quadrant 3- Hypogastric 4- parietal
18. Within the thoracic cavity, what is the term for the spaces surrounding the lungs?
19. What type of movement is characterized by an increase in the angle between the articulating bones of a synovial joint?
20. What type of movement is characterized by a lateral movement of the sole of the foot, away from the midline?
21. Which directional term means on the opposite side of the body from another structure?
22. Which directional term means nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk or nearer to the origination of a structure?
23. A transverse plane is also known as what?
24. Which directional term means on the same side of the body as another structure?
25. Which directional term, also known as DORSAL, means nearer to or at the back of the body?
26. Which movement is characterized by a decrease in the angle between the articulating bones of a synovial joint?
27. Which movement is characterized by a movement of the forearm in which the palm is turned anteriorly, a position that is one of the defining features of the anatomical position?
28. A midsagittal plane is also known as what?
29. Which movement is characterized by the movement of a body part in a circle?
30. Which regions of the upper limb is also known as the fingers?
31. The spinal column is also known as what region?
32. The sternal region is a component of which body regions?
33. Which region of the lower limb is also known as the space behind the knee?
34. The cheeks are also known as which region?
35. The chest is also known as which region?
36. The cranial and facial regions are parts of which major region of the body?
37. The region known as the lower limb is attached to the trunk and includes a thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and what?
38. Which of region of the upper limb is also known as the forearm?
39. Which region is also known as the navel?
40. The eyes are also known as what region?

Suppose that the U.S. military deploys the X-47B, an unmanned aerial drone capable of sensing, tracking, identifying, targeting, and destroying an enemy target with very limited human oversight—assume it is a human-on­-the-loop weapon. As a weapon in the ongoing conflict with the Islamic State (ISIS) terrorist organization, X-47B is tasked with missions to target and kill senior ISIS operatives. Now imagine a particular mission, in which an X-47B is given a programmed mission to carry out a targeted strike on two ISIS operatives, call them ‘V’ and ‘Z’, whom surveillance reports indicate are currently located in northern Iraq near the Turkish border. According to reliable intelligence, V and Z are instrumental in planning and leading operations to ransack, pillage, and then demolish world historical sites in Iraq (e.g. Khorsabad, Nergal Gate at Nineveh, and Monastery of St. Elijah), looting priceless antiquities and smuggling them to be sold on black markets in Europe and Asia, in order to generate capital to fund ISIS’s continued armed insurgency [for more on this particular practice, see Harkin, “Murdering History,” Smithsonian, March 2016]. V and Z are thereby deemed legitimate and high-value military targets. They are also elusive, with fairly sophisticated clandestine methods for relocating and evading detection; finding their present location required substantial surveillance drone resources over the course of several months.

Further suppose, that you are also in northern Iraq in a village near the Turkish border, working for a humanitarian aid organization providing healthcare services to Kurdish people whose communities have been ravaged and infrastructure degraded by ISIS. Part of your duties involve going out into local villages to distribute medical supplies and provide support services at community centers. Your team is primarily composed of American, British, and German nurses and doctors. Today, you are at one such community center providing care and supplies to hundreds of civilians. In a building 200 meters from the center in which you are working, V and Z are plotting another raid on a nearby historical site. The X-47B has accurately tracked and identified the location of V and Z, it also recognizes that the nearby community center contains many innocent non-combatants. Nevertheless, X-47B calculates that launching a precise and limited strike on V and Z’s suspected location will only produce a blast radius of no more than 75 meters, and determines that the identified non-combatants are not likely to be harmed. After computing its decision-procedure algorithm, X-47B fixes its target and initiates a missile strike to complete its mission, and no human overrides its lethal decision. V and Z are immediately killed, but the building was also housing several tons of explosives used in their demolition of historical sites. X-47B’s calculations did not account for the unknown explosives, which extend the blast radius of the strike to 225 meters. A wing of the community center collapses from the force of the blast, killing 15 civilians and one American nurse on your team, many others are severely injured and a British doctor is trapped under some of the rubble. After overcoming the initial disorientation from the blast, you and your remaining team rush to minimize casualties and treat the civilian victims.

[5 pts.] Was X-47B justified in initiating the missile strike to eliminate V and Z? Why or why not? Use principles of distinction, proportionality, or military necessity invoked in international humanitarian law governing armed conflict to defend your position.

[5 pts.] Who should be held morally responsible for the unintended harms and casualties? As a witness to the atrocity and possible victim, in this hypothetical case, how do you propose that the U.S. military should respond to the consequences of the X-47B’s strike? Defend your position.