1. One could say that the Calvin cycle is a
   1. reducing cycle
   2. oxidizing cycle
   3. neutral cycle (no net oxidation or reduction)
   4. hydrating cycle (water is introduced)

2. Succinate is produced in the glyoxylate cycle by the action of the enzyme
   1. citrate synthase                       c. aconitase
   2. isocitrate lyase                        d. malate synthase

3. The fatty acid most commonly made by animal cells is    
   1. myristic                                             c. stearic
   2. lauric                                       d. palmitic

4. The number of enzymes used in the synthesis of fatty acids is
   1. 1                      b. 2                  c. 5                  d. 7

51) The renal clearance of this byproduct of amino acid catabolism is used as a rough measure the glomerular filtration rate.

uric acid

azotemia

cretine

ammonia

urea

52.) The actions of the kidney include regulation of

blood plasma pH

All of the choices are correct

blood plasma volume

blood plasma electrolyte concentration

blood pressure

53) Which structures are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla?

collecting ducts

cortical nephrons

distal convoluted tubules

proximal convoluted tubules

juxtamedullary nephrons

54) The____ is a ball of capillaries that lies between an afferent arteriole and an efferent arteriole.

minor calyx

juxtaglomerular apparatus

glomerulus

renal corpuscle

peritubular capillary

55.) In a healthy kidney,___ should not pass through the glomerlular filtration membrane into the proximal renal tubules.

amino acids

electrolytes

proteins

vitamins

glucose

• glucose

• cellulose

• hydrophobic

• organic

• lipids

• denaturation

• polypeptide chain

• enzymes

• carbohydrates

• nucleic acids

A small section of a gene for a protein has the following nucleotide sequence:

CCT AAG GAT TCA CTT

Which of the following mutations would cause a missense mutation in the sequence shown above?

Select one:

a. Replacement of second thymine base with adenine base

b. Replacement of second guanine base with adenine base

c. Replacement of first thymine base with cytosine base

d. Replacement of first guanine base with cytosine base

I thought a?

A small section of bacterial DNA template (anti-sense) strand has the following nucleotide sequence:

AAG TAT TAT GCA

A mutation in the above sequence involved the insertion of a single base, leading to a shift in the reading frame of the gene, resulting in altered amino acids downstream from the insertion.

Which of the following gene sequences exemplifies the mutation described above?

Select one:

a. AAG TAT UTA TGC A

b. AGT ATT ATG CA

c. AAG TAT TAC GCA

d. AAG CTA TTA TGC A

A small section of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene has the amino acid sequence valine, histidine, cysteine, and lysine.

A mutation in the above section of the amino acid sequence resulted in the substitution of amino acid lysine with amino acid asparagine.

The mutation in the antisense strand DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene described above involves

Select one:

a. the substitution of second thymine base from TTC

b. the substitution of second adenine base from AAG

c. the substitution of guanine base from AAG

d. the substitution of cytosine base from TTC

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the difference between lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones?

a.Lipid-soluble hormones do not directly activate genes; water-soluble hormones directly activate genes.

b.Lipid-soluble hormones cannot pass through cell membranes; in general, water-soluble hormones can.

c.Lipid-soluble hormones are made from amino acids whereas water-soluble hormones are not.

d.Lipid-soluble hormones attach to receptors in the cytoplasm; water-soluble hormones attach to membrane-enclosed receptors.

Hunger is defined as the _______ drive to eat.

The United States nutritional standards are know as:

The six essential nutrients are Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Vitamins, Minerals and what?

Nine amino acids must come from our food. These are called:

The easiest fats to control in our diets are:

Animal Nutrition Questions:

7) Describe four general mechanisms by which dietary nutrients (nutrition) impact the immune system and resistance to infectious diseases. For each mechanism, describe how a diet designed to optimize immunity would diverge from a diet designed to optimize growth.  

1)

2)

3)

4)

8) In two sentences or less describe how the priority of a nutrient (e.g. lysine) is established by a cell. What are the relative priorities for amino acids of: B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, macrophages, brain, muscle?

(This is BIOchemistry) For the appetite-related signaling molecule NPY:

a.) What is the specific function of that molecule?

b.) What is the mechanism of that action (how does it do what it does)?

c.) How is that molecule made? Describe any prepro- and pro- forms and associated cleavages or covalent bonds or phosphorylations associated with the molecule.

d.) Describe how the molecule is regulated

(This problem relates to chapters 22, Biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and related molecules; and chapter 23, hormonal regulation and integration of mammalian metabolism, from the Lehninger Biochemistry textbook).

This is BIOchemistry) For the appetite-related signaling molecule GHRELIN:

a.) What is the specific function of that molecule?

b.) What is the mechanism of that action (how does it do what it does)?

c.) How is that molecule made? Describe any prepro- and pro- forms and associated cleavages or covalent bonds or phosphorylations associated with the molecule.

d.) Describe how the molecule is regulated

(This problem relates to chapters 22, Biosynthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and related molecules; and chapter 23, hormonal regulation and integration of mammalian metabolism, from the Lehninger Biochemistry textbook).