Write a bash script file that tests each file entry in the current directory. It should determine if it is a file or directory. If it is a file, it will determine if it is readable or not. If it is readable, it will display only the first 4 lines to the terminal in sorted order (just sort the first 4 lines).
If it is a directory, it should display the contents of that directory (the files and subdirectories).
NOTE: Please don’t use the read command or arguments with your script. Note that you don’t need to use either one of these methods to get a list of files in the current directory.
=====================================
Example Output
Note that the output
from running the script starts at
the sixth line
=====================================
$ ls -l
total 32
drwxrwxr-x 3 cocofan cocofan 4096 Jan 20 17:58 adir
--w-rw-rw- 1 cocofan cocofan 128 Mar 15 22:43 lines.dat
-rw-rw-rw- 1 cocofan cocofan 48 Sep 5 2016 months.txt
$ bash assg5.sh
ENTRY IS adir
**This is a directory**
afileinadir.txt subdirofadir
ENTRY IS lines.dat
**This is a file**
...file is not readable.
ENTRY IS months.txt
**This is a file**
...and it's readable.
...it's first four lines in sorted order are:
Apr
Feb
Jan
Mar
$
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

For the second phase of your final project, you will provide the functionality to your command interpreter. In this phase, you will add the functionality for command recognition and implement the HELP, QUIT, COPY, LIST, CD, SHOW and RUN functions.

Recall that some commands have no arguments, some have one and some have two and so your interface must handle a variable number of parameters.

Your command interpreter should do the following.

Display a prompt for the user.

• Read the user's input.
• Determine if the entered command is valid
• If it is valid, execute it and then re-display the prompt.
• If the command is not valid, display a specific, appropriate error message and re-display the prompt.  Be sure that your command interpreter differentiates between different errors that render a command invalid.
• Continue until the user enters the command “QUIT”.

If the entered command is invalid or if the number of parameters to that command is incorrect your program will print the error message and then redisplay the prompt.

If the command is valid, your program will carry out the command.

Here are specifics for each of the commands.

HELP

List the valid commands and their proper syntax.  E.g.

You rang? > HELP

The valid commands are:

RUN executable-file

LIST

LIST directory

COPY old-filename new-filename

HELP

QUIT

SHOW file

            Simply prints the given file to standard output.

QUIT

Terminates the session.  E.g.

You rang? > QUIT

Goodbye.

COPY old-filename new-filename

Creates a copy of the source file.

When you implement the COPY command, you should verify that the source file exists and is readable.  If the destination file exists you should ask the user if they wish to overwrite it before opening it to write.  Once both files have been successfully opened simple read the characters on at a time from the source file and write them to the destination file.

CD directory

         Changes the working directory to the argument if it is a valid directory name.

Your shell should display a message indicating the new directory upon successful execution o the command.  You will need to use the chdir and getcwd commands as illustrated in the sample program chDir.cpp

LIST

Displays the files in a directory

Your LIST command takes either no arguments or one argument.  The contents of the directory specified by the argument should be listed or in the case of no argument, the contents of the current directory should be listed.  The syntax is:

            LIST

or

LIST directory

The algorithm for LIST is reasonable simple.

Open the directory

Read the first entry in the directory

While not all of the directory has been displayed

            Display the entry just read

            Read the next entry

Close the directory

Working with directories is a relatively low-level operation.  To access the contents of a directory we need to use a collection of system calls declared in the <dirent.h> header file.

opendir( dname )     is passed a c-string dname and returns a pointer to the directory dname  (type DIR*) if it is found and NULL otherwise.

readdir( dPointer )  is passed a DIR* and returns a pointer to the next entry in the directory linked to dPointer or NULL if there are no more entries.

closedir( dPointer )  closes the link to the directory

The directory entries are of type dirent, a structure that contains the member d_name, which contains the name of the current entry.

Refer to chapter 17 of your UNIX text for more on programming with directories.

RUN executable-file

Executes the given program.

Your RUN command takes one argument.  The executable file specified by the argument should be run and when finished, the prompt displayed.  The syntax is:

RUN executable-file

The algorithm for RUN would be as follows.

Fork a child process.

Execute the program in the child process.

Have the parent wait until the child is finished before continuing.

This will require the following library functions

fork( )                               creates a child process and returns the PID of the child process to the parent. The child gets 0.

execl( list of cstrings )      executes a program in the current process — the first argument is the path to the executable file, the remaining arguments are the strings of the command line

wait( )                               causes the parent to block until the child finishes

Refer to chapter 18 of your UNIX text for more extensive discussion of these concepts.

As always, your program should:

• Contain carefully worded pre and post conditions for all functions.

Be readable with appropriate documentation and formatting

Early in 2018, three large American-based global corporations (JPMorgan, Amazon, and Berkshire Hathaway) announced that they would work together on launching an independent healthcare company for their employees.

What could this mean for employer sponsored health care coverage as we currently know it?

What could this mean for the employees covered on this new "not necessarily non-profit" model?

Please describe in detail.

The Populist and Progressive reformers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries brought about widespread changes to American politics, economics, and society. In this essay, we want you to consider the ethics and civics of the reformers. Who were these reformers? What methods did they use to further their goals through civic engagement? What ethical considerations did they take into account in pushing reforms?

A stock price is currently $30. Each month for the next two months it is expected to increase by 8% or reduce by 10%. The risk-free interest rate is 5%. Use a two-step tree to calculate the value of a derivative that pays off [max(30 − ST ; 0)]2, where ST is the stock price in two months? If the derivative is American-style, should it be exercised early?

6.11 A stock index is currently 990, the risk-free rate is 5%, and the dividend yield on the index is 2%. Use a three-step tree to value an 18-month American put option with a strike price of 1,000 when the volatility is 20% per annum. How much does the option holder gain by being able to exercise early? When is the gain made?

The Criminalization of American Business

What do Bank of America, Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase, and Goldman Sachs have in common? All paid hefty fines for purportedly misleading investors about mortgage-backed securities. In fact, these companies paid the government a total of $50 billion in fines. The payments were made in lieu of criminal prosecutions.

Today, several hundred thousand federal rules that apply to businesses carry some form of criminal penalty. That is in addition to more than four thousand federal laws, many of which carry criminal sanctions for their violation. From 2000 to 2019, about 3,200 corporations either were convicted or pleaded guilty to violating federal statutes or rules.

Criminal Convictions

The first successful criminal conviction in a federal court against a company—the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad—was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1909 (the violation: cutting prices). Many other successful convictions followed.

One landmark case developed the aggregation test, now called the Doctrine of Collective Knowledge. This test aggregates the omissions and acts of two or more persons in a corporation, thereby constructing an actus reus and a men's rea out of the conduct and knowledge of several individuals.

Not all government attempts at applying criminal law to corporations survive. Courts have sometimes found insufficient evidence to show that a company acted with specific intent to commit a crime. Often, however, companies choose to reach settlement agreements with the government rather than fight criminal indictments.

Many Pay Substantial Fines in Lieu of Prosecution

More than four hundred corporations reached so-called non-prosecution agreements with the government from 2000 to the beginning of 2019. These agreements typically involve multimillion- or multibillion-dollar fines. This number does not include fines paid to the Environmental Protection Agency or to the Fish and Wildlife Service.

According to law professors Margaret Lemos and Max Minzner, “Public enforcers often seek large monetary awards for self-interested reasons divorced from the public interest and deterrents. The incentives are strongest when enforcement agencies are permitted to retain all or some of the proceeds of enforcement.”

Questions Presented

1 A. Why might a corporation’s managers agree to pay a large fine rather than to be indicted and proceed to trial?

B. How does a manager determine the optimal amount of legal research to undertake to prevent her or his company from violating the many thousands of federal regulations?

(At least 100 word response for each please)

As a global manager, create a scenario for analysis using the three-sector model: Real Loanable Funds Market, Real Goods Market, and the Foreign Exchange Market for Question A. There is no “set” answer here. You are the manager doing the analysis and setting up the scenario. Use your own assumptions.

A. In the post-World War II period, the economies of Japan and Germany were rebuilt, and both economies were able to achieve economies of scale in the steel and automobile industries. In the mid-1990s, India and China built labor-intensive industries in the apparel industry, followed by other labor intensive industries expanded through an export-led growth policy on the part of China. Vietnam followed this type of policy beginning in 1986. The country has achieved stable growth, low inflation, and increasing prosperity. In the early 2000s, South Korea became a major producer of automobiles, and also expanded production in technology and related consumer goods for export. Currently, High Income economies (using the World Bank GNI per capita classification system) in North America, Europe, and the Far East (the Triad Area) engage extensively in trade in consumer goods. We find that the current level of global exports is about $19 trillion. The trade between nations of the Triad Area represents about $9.5 trillion. In the euro-zone, there is a division between stronger nations (Germany and France, for example) compared to other nations facing significant macroeconomic problems (Greece and Spain, for example).