QUESTION 4

Particulate matter is one of the air pollutants. Discuss and relate with how it affects the breathing system. Explain in detail the function of human respiratory system. [20 marks

subject:enviromental enginnering

Do the important human benefits of factory farming outweigh the disutility of the animal suffering? As you discuss this, apply of one or more of the four aspects (Scope, Duration, Intensity, Probability) that Bentham provided.

Briefly describe human pseudoautosomal regions. Why did they evolve? How do they differ from other regions of X and Y? Provide information you feel is relevant and key to their existence.

Biological membranes are present in all cells, and in eukaryotic cells they also form the endomembrane system. They act as gatekeepers that selectively move certain ions and compounds into and out of the cell or cell organelles.             (a) Which of the following best describes a biological membrane?

a bilayer containing lipids with hydrophilic head groups facing the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm, and hydrophobic tail groups extending inward...OR... a bilayer containing lipids with hydrophobic head groups facing the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm, and hydrophilic tail groups extending inward...OR... a bilayer containing lipids with hydrophilic head groups facing inward and hydrophobic tail groups extending toward the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm.

(b) Which of the following are components of biological membranes? select all that apply...... nucleic acids...OR...lipids...OR...protiens

1. Which of the following are ultimate decomposers?

   		bacteria
   		fungi
   		millipedes
   		Collembolans
   		mites
   		earthworms
   		Only A and B.
   		C, D, E, and F are all reducer decomposers. So are vultures!

2. Which of the following are reducer decomposers?

   		bacteria
   		fungi
   		millipedes
   		Collembolans
   		mites
   		earthworms
   		Only A and B.
   		C, D, E, and F are all reducer decomposers. So are vultures! You want to conduct an experiment on decomposition in the temperate deciduous forest. Which of the following would be usable variables for your experiment? Mesh size in litter bags. Placement of a banana peel into several different biomes. Designing a lab experiment where you drop leaves into hydrochloric and nitric acids. Both A and B. Both B and C. Both A and C.

COMMENT/RESPOND TO THIS DISCUSSION:

"Before answering this question, I have to conduct a research. Through my research I found that fish is the recommended source for omega-3 fatty acids. Relying on supplements is not a bad thing to do but it is not recommended. Supplements are good for people who suffer from heart disease. Because they have to consume Dha and Epa daily. People on these supplements have to be careful with the doses because it has side effects. It can cause them to bleed and mess with their immune system. A diet rich in fatty fish provides a wealth of healthy benefits. I know that some people have problems with the way that seafood (fish) can smell or taste, so fish oil is an option for them. Fish oil supplement can reel in the important omega-3s you need. Omega-3s are polyunsaturated fatty acids that are essential for healthy diet. They play a crucial role in how the body’s cells function and can help reduce cardiovascular risks and much more. Omega- 3s have been shown to reduce inflammation in the body and can decrease symptoms associated with arthritis and chronic disease. "The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends eating a three-ounce serving of oily fish at least two times a week to get the heart-healthy benefits from omega-3s," (AHA, 2015). People don’t eat fish because it can be costly. Some people just don’t like it and others worry about the mercury levels. At the end of the day, but we need those omega-3s in our diets. Fatty fish is a better option if you want the full omega-3 fatty acid health benefits. Studies have shown that fish, in addition to providing cardiovascular benefits, is loaded with healthy vitamins and minerals as well as protein that you just can't get from fish oil supplements"

What are two (2) advantages of breathing air, compared with obtaining Dissolved Oxygen from water? (choose two answers)

The reason animals need a continuous supply of Oxygen is to

In Exhalation, ______________.

The process of Inhalation in the Mammalian Respiratory System is by increasing the space around the outside of the lung which decreases the pressure on the outside of the lung and allows air to come into the lung under Negative Air Pressure.

Chapter 5: Ground Rules of Metabolism

* Section 5.1 – Life Runs on Energy

o Describe what energy is (definition). Explain how this definition applies to life. Use a cell as an example. Use an entire organism as an example.

o What are the first and second law’s of thermodynamics? What does each one mean for life, from the perspective of a cell?

o Compare kinetic versus potential energy. How does life obtain potential energy?

* Section 5.2 – Energy in the Molecules of Life

o Interpret a chemical formula (just identify which are products, which are reactants)

o Explain activation energy. After defining it, explain what life does to deal with activation energy (hint: think enzymes)

* Section 5.3 – How Enzymes Work

o What is an enzyme? First, which macromolecule is it? Then, what does an enzyme do?

o How does an enzyme accomplish its job? (Read about induced fit model)

o What is a substrate?

* Section 5.4 – Metabolic Pathways

o Describe allosteric regulation

o Describe feedback inhibition

o What is an electron transfer chain?

* Section 5.5 – Cofactors and Coenzymes

o Define cofactor and coenzyme. What is the difference in the two?

o What does ATP stand for? Explain what about ATP gives it lots of energy.

o Explain what ADP is and how it is related to ATP

* Section 5.6 – Diffusion and Membranes

o Describe what diffusion is. Give an example

2 / 5

o Explain the factors that can affect the speed (rate) of diffusion. Most importantly, HOW do each of these factors cause a change in the rate of diffusion?

o Describe what osmosis is. How does this compare to diffusion?

* Hint – in osmosis, water will move across a membrane to dilute the concentrated side, since the solute cannot always move on its own by diffusion

o Define the terms hypotonic and hypertonic. If I were to give you the salt concentration, for example, inside a cell versus outside a cell, be able to state whether the solution outside the cell is hypotonic or hypertonic to the cell. Also, what is isotonic?

o Explain turgor, and how this term applies to wilting (think of how a cut flower will wilt out of water)

o Critical thinking regarding turgor and osmosis – think of a leftover salad. You have salad dressing on the salad, which is typically salty and concentrated so that it is flavorful. Can you link osmosis and turgor to the fact that salads do not stay fresh very long after they are dressed?

* Section 5.7 – Membrane Transport Mechanisms

o Compare passive transport versus active transport in a simple definition of the two.

* What is the cellular form of energy that active transport requires?

* How are membrane proteins important for active and passive transport?

* Section 5.8 – Membrane Trafficking

o Define phagocytosis. What sorts of molecules might a cell ingest, and why would the want to ingest such things?

Do the General Exceptions in Article XX of the GATT strike an appropriate balance between the principles of the multilateral trading system and WTO member state’s ability to effectively protect the human, animal and natural environment?

Wheat and rye both require land, regular weeding and other human labor, and compete for water so that the more wheat that is grown, the less rye that can be produced. What is the opportunity cost of the wheat?