Ischemia is associated with an increase in concentrations of AMP. What role does AMP play in shifting energy production from oxidative metabolism to glycolysis? Please be specific and include any glycolytic enzyme(s) involved.  Of note, AMP induces an enzyme AMP Kinase (AMPK) which is involved in metabolic alterations during ischemia. We will learn about AMPK in Lecture 11 and you are not expected to discuss it in this problem. Please discuss another role(s) that AMP plays. Please be brief.​

How do you figure out the net charge on amino acids at a specific pH? I am very confused about this please help! My textbook is very vague.

Match the following:

three nucleotide sequence

Building blocks of protein

Blood types

Translation

Genetic disease carrier

1. Ribosomes

2. Heterozygous

3. Co-dominant inheritance

4. Codon

5. Amino acids

For each of the following amino acids, draw the form that is expected to predominate at physiological pH: (a) l-Isoleucine (b) l-Tryptophan (c) l-Glutamine (d) l-Glutamic acid

Over what pH range(s) could valine be used as an effective buffer? Explain your answer, supporting it with what we have discussed about buffers and amino acids

1) By mass, what is the most abundant element in proteins? What about by mole?

2) Which of the 20 amino acids is it not possible to draw both its L and D form?

3) Identify the amino acids with non-polar sidechains and those with side chains that are charged at pH = 7.0.

4) Lysine, Arginine and Histidine all bear a positive charge below pH 6.0. What is different about the positive charges on both Arginine and Histidine in comparison to Lysine?

5) The genetic code has a built in mechanism to protect from deleterious mutations that are likely to affect protein function. Provide an example?

Please ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS.

1. Steroid hormones are derived from ___ and synthesized by ___.

   1. Amino acids, rough endoplasmic reticulum

   2. Amino acids, smooth endoplasmic reticulum

   3. Cholesterol, ribosomes

   4. Cholesterol, smooth endoplasmic reticulum

   5. Proteines, mitochondria

2. The hormones that regulate blood calcium levels are ____

   1. Insulin and glucagon

   2. Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

   3. Antiduretic hormone and glucocorticoids

   4. Epinephrine and norepinephrine

   5. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

3. Which of the following hormones is responsible for the “fight or flight” response?

   1. Thyroxine

   2. Parathyroid hormone

   3. Epinephrine

   4. Glucagon

   5. mineralocorticoids

4. Glucagon and insulin are secreted by the____

   1. Liver

   2. Pancreas

   3. Kidneys

   4. Adrenal glands

   5. Thyroid glands

5. Which hormones regulate basal metabolic rate and cellular metabolism?

   1. hGH

   2. T3 and T4

   3. Parathyroid hormone

   4. Aldosterone

   5. cortisol

Assign the functional and molecule groups, with a brief reason why it is: aromatics, alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, amino acids, peptides, proteins, carbohydrates, monosaccharides or polysaccharides, fatty acids or triglycerides, nucleic acids or nucleotides, steroids, eicosanoids, fat soluble vitamins.

1.) Ixerin

2.) Taraxinic Acid

3.) Ainslioside

4.) Cichoric Acid

5.) Mono Caffeoyl Tartaric Acid

6.) 4-Caffoeylquinic Acid

7.) Chlorogenic Acid

8.) Caffeic Acid

9.) Insulin

Put multiple functional or molecule groups per number

.What is the mechanism of the lipase? How do you think the enzyme specifies the cleavage of the C-1 and C-3 fatty acids from TAG? (hydrophobic, stearic, hydrophilic or ... )