Proteasome is a protein complex that targets proteins that are missfolded and degrades them. Protein levels can also be regulated by degron directed degradation. The degrons are amino acid sequences that when accessible to degradation machinery in the cell targets proteins for degradation. T/F

ChiP-seq stands for Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing. It is a technology that allows us to identify both cis-acting and trans-acting elements. T/F

In bacteria, gene mapping can be done by interrupting conjugation at one minute intervals or by measuring the cotransduction frequencies. T/F

1. Write the complimentary DNA sequence of the template strand below: 5’-TACGAATGCGCTATGTAAGCT3’
2. What is the complimentary RNA sequence of the DNA strand above and what is the amino acid sequence?
3. If you have an RNA transcript that is 100 bp, how many codons does it contain?
4. If you take the template DNA that is shown in question 1 and you mutate the 6^thnucleotide from A to G how does that impact the polypeptide sequence
5. Is it better to have a mutation that inserts 1 nucleotide or a deletion that deletes 3 nucleotides? Explain your answer

There are as many as 200 common variations in the MC1R gene that are associated with differences in skin and hair color and several others associated with pathological conditions associated with a lack of (albinism) or loss of (vitiligo) pigmentation.

9a) Red hair and fair skin is associated with a variant located in the second intracellular loop of the receptor. Compare the most common, wildtype, mRNA sequence for the MC1R gene with that of the redhead variant.

i) Translate the mRNAs below to identify the mutation and its effect. Clearly identify the difference by circling the affected amino acid(s). Answer the subsequent questions to identify how this might result in a change in pigmentation.

Wildtype mRNA 478 – GCG CGG CGA GCC GUU – 493

N’ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ C’

Redhead mRNA 478 – GCG UGG CGA GCC GTT - 493

N’ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ C’

ii) Does the mutation in part (i) affect the chemistry of the amino acid(s)? If so, how?

iii) How could the mutation in part (i) result in a change in pigmentation in affected individuals? *Hint - think about the mechanism of action of this receptor.

9b) You are studying the genome of a family that experiences albinism (lack of pigmentation). You do not observe any of the known mutations that cause albinism but identify a tRNA gene that has undergone a mutation such that its anticodon now recognizes the stop codon of the MC1R gene. Describe the impact this would have on the MC1R protein produced and why this might lead to an absence of pigmentation.

5'-tatctatggcatggcgatcatagaggcgtg-3'

3'-atagataccgtaccgctagtatctccgcac-5’

a. Write the mRNA sequence for this gene. Be sure to label the 5’ and 3’ ends. (2 pts.)

c. Circle the start and stop codons in the sequence you wrote in b. (2 pts.)

d. Write the protein sequence translated for this gene. (2 pts.)

e. The anticodon of the tRNA which carries the last amino acid will be: ____________ (2 pts.)

2. Write one sentence using the words promoter, transcription factors and RNA polymerase to describe the relationship between these three components of transcription.

(3 pts.; one point for use of each word correctly)

4. What are two functions of the 5’ cap and the poly A tail on a mature mRNA molecule? (2 pts. for each function; 4 pts. total)

5. In the DNA template strand a codon on the template strand is changed from 3’TTG-‘5 to 3’TTA-5’.

a. What is(are) the amino acid(s) coded for before and after the change? (2 pts.)

b. Does the change from 3’-TTG-5’to 3’-TTA-5’ make a difference in the protein produced? (2 pts.)

Please help this is the last biology assignment I ever have to do and I am on the verge of tears.

c. What if the new codon was a 3’-TTT-5’? Would this make a difference in the protein structure? Explain your answer. (2 pts.)

12. Researchers are attempting to understand whether the floral nectar consumption by a particular hummingbird species conforms to the expectations of optimal foraging theory. Describe two experiments that could be performed to assess this.

One will be an observational experiment, where foraging is observed in the wild, throughout the year, without manipulation. Assume that cold temperature is the key environmental constraint that limits the birds’ abilities to be choosy (i.e. hint, look at the salmon experiment from our lecture). Also assume these birds choose among 3 different types of flowers/nectar that are available throughout their active season: A, B, and C. A has the highest amino acid content and C has the lowest. All have equal amounts of energy. A is the hardest to find, followed by B, and then C.

The other will be a manipulative experiment in which the search time is varied. In this one you create an arena with 2 types of artificial flower, each with different qualities of nectar (i.e. different amino acid content). The flowers differ in colors that the birds can distinguish, but are otherwise identical (i.e. the handling time is kept the same). You have to set things up so that the cost-to-benefit ratio of looking for the higher nutrition flower is changed across 2 treatments. Hint: think along the lines of the conveyor belt experiment.

Be sure to explicitly state your dependent and independent variables and to describe the results expected if the birds do indeed conform to the expectations of optimal foraging theory

SPRINT , Inc., manufactures athletic shoes and athletic clothing for both amateur and professional athletes. The company has two product lines (clothing and shoes), which are produced in separate manufacturing facilities; however, both manufacturing facilities share the same support services for information technology and human resources. The following shows total costs for each manufacturing facility and for each support department.

The total costs of the support departments (IT and HR) are allocated to the production departments (clothing and shoes) based on the following Data and  bases, as below:

Information technology:     Number of IT labor hours worked by department

Human resources:             Number of employees supported by department

Required

1. Allocate the cost of the support department (of information technology and human resources) to the operating department (clothing and shoes using (a) the direct method, (b) the step-down method (allocate information technology first), (c) the reciprocal method?

2. Assume that all of the work of the IT department could be outsourced to an independent company for $97.50 per hour. If Spirit Training no longer operated its own IT department, 30% of the costs of the IT department could be eliminated. Should Spirit outsource its IT services?

Question: SPRINT , Inc., manufactures athletic shoes and athletic clothing for both amateur and professional athletes. The company has two product lines (clothing and shoes), which are produced in separate manufacturing facilities; however, both manufacturing facilities share the same support services for information technology and human resources. The following shows total costs for each manufacturing facility and for each support department.

Total Costs by Department (in thousands)

Information technology (IT) $ 2,000

Human resources (HR) 1,000

Clothing $10,000

Shoes $8,000

Total costs $24,000

The total costs of the support departments (IT and HR) are allocated to the production departments (clothing and shoes) based on the following Data and bases, as below:

Information technology: Number of IT labor hours worked by department

Human resources: Number of employees supported by department

Department IT Hours Used Number of Employees

Clothing 5,000 120

Shoes 3,000 40

Information technology - 40

Human resources 2,000 -

Required

1. Allocate the cost of the support department (of information technology and human resources) to the operating department (clothing and shoes using (a) the direct method, (b) the step-down method (allocate information technology first), (c) the reciprocal method?

2. Assume that all of the work of the IT department could be outsourced to an independent company for $97.50 per hour. If Spirit Training no longer operated its own IT department, 30% of the costs of the IT department could be eliminated. Should Spirit outsource its IT services?

Question 25

Put the steps of the process of signal transduction in the order they occur.

1. A conformational change in the signal-receptor complex activates an enzyme.

2. Protein kinases are activated.

3. A signal molecule binds to a receptor.

4. Target proteins are phosphorylated.

5. Second messenger molecules are released.

Question 26

Cancer cells require many nutrients which are supplied by blood vessels. The growth of new blood vessels into cancerous tissue is called

Question 27

Apoptosis

Question 28

Interphase

Question 29

What might prevent a cell from passing the G1 checkpoint?

Question 30

Which stage of the cell cycle focuses on cell growth, replication of organelles, and the accumulation of material for synthesizing DNA?

Question 31

Which sequence of the mitotic stages is correct?

what best describes the human genome?

Explain the principles of modeling human behavior