69. Which of the following cannot take part in gluconeogenesis?

a) lactate

b) fatty acids

c) alanine

d) glycerol

71. Which hormone is least likely to increase in the blood during exercise?

a) insulin

b) cortisol

c) glucagon

d) epinephrine

72. Which of the following is not considered a gluconeogenic hormone?

a) cortisol

b) insulin

c) glucagon

d) epinephrine

1. Bile is stored in the:

1. Liver
2. Gall bladder
3. Stomach
4. Pancreas

2. Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in the presence of:

1. Bicarbonate ion
2. Hydrochloric acid
3. Bile
4. Amylase

3. Pepsin breaks down:

1. Fats
2. Nucleic acids
3. Sugars
4. Proteins

4. Salivary amylase is produced by:

1. Parotid gland
2. Sublingual gland
3. Submandibular gland
4. Chief cells

5. Most water is absorbed in the:

1. Liver
2. Duodenum
3. Large intestine
4. Pancreas

(10)

Which of the following steps in the catalytic cycle of the F₁ component of ATP synthase is the most energetically unfavorable?

Group of answer choices

Formation of ATP from ADP and P_i

Binding of P_i

Binding of ADP

Binding of ATP

Release of ATP

(11)

The reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase (shown below) completes the citric acid cycle. The ΔG°’ for this reaction is equal to 29.7 kJ/mol.

L-malate + NAD+ ⇄ oxaloacetate + NADH + H⁺

Which of the following are factors that may contribute in favoring the formation of products?

Group of answer choices

High H⁺ concentration

Low concentration of NADH and high concentration of NAD⁺

High concentration of oxaloacetate

Low concentration of oxaloacetate

(b) and (d)

(12)

What is the most likely adaptation response of bacteria when the growth temperature is changed from near physiological (37°C) to cold (8°C)?

Group of answer choices

incorporation of saturated fatty acids in the membrane

incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane

thermal compensation by upregulation of exergonic reactions

thermal compensation by downregulation of endergonic reactions

migration to warmer media

What factor does not affect the distribution of different isozymes?

Select one:

a. Different metabolic patterns in different organs.

b. Different locations and metabolic roles for isozymes in the same cell.

c. Different stages of development in embryonic or fetal tissues and in adult tissues. 

d. Different catabolic abilities using commonly evolved amino acid sequences

e. Different responses of isozymes to allosteric regulation

The terminal portion of an RNA transcript of a region of T4 phage DNA contains the sequence 5′-AAAUGAGGA-3′. The entire sequence encodes three different polypeptides. What amino acid(s) will terminate the three different polypeptides?

I get how you get a peptide with Lys and the stop codon. I don’t know how you get the other two peptides. Please, explain.

The following DNA sequence occurs in the nontemplate strand of a structural gene in a bacterium (the promoter sequence is located to the left but is not shown): 5’-GAATGTCAGAACTGCCATGCTTCATATGAATAGACCTCTAG-3’ Consider the ribonucleotide sequence of the mRNA molecule that is transcribed from this piece of DNA that you determined in the previous question. What is the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide encoded by this mRNA? You must show and explain all work/evidence to receive credit.

6. BSA has the following amino acid profile compared with the average of known vertebrate proteins:

Based upon this data, is BSA a good standard to use in the Bradford assay? Explain your answer.

Describe how the first draft of the human genome was obtained and compare this with the next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies used to sequence human genomes. (Min 2 and a half pages.)