1)Which of the following is (are) required for evolution?

A) highly stable genome

B) competition

C) heritable traits

2) The National Toxicology Program reported in 2016 that cell phone radiation increased brain tumor growth in male rats. Radiation can cause damage and mutations to DNA.

Suppose you wished to study this further. You mate these rats and find that the offspring have normal incidence of tumors. You would conclude that the tumors were most likely due to______ .

A) changes to the stomatic cells

B) changes to the gonadal cells

C) changes to the cells

If on the other hand, the offspring also had increased tumor growth, then you would conclude that the_______ .

A) changes occur in the stem cells

B)changes occur in the germ cells

C) tumor tissue was transferred to the offspring

Cell phones emit________ radiation when talking than on standby.

A) more

B) less

That would suggest that using a hands-free headset may be beneficial in preventing brain tumors. Ironically, if the phone is kept in the pocket during a call using a headset, then the genetic changes would be_________ .

A) less severe

B) prevented

C) more likely to pass to the next generation

3) Which of the following point mutations would have little or no effect on cellular function?

A) mutation from AUA to AUG

B) mutation in exon

C) mutation from CUC to AUU

D) mutation from UUA to UUG

E)mutation in regulatory region

4) Why does gene duplication promote evolution?

A)duplicated genes are under less selective pressure

B)duplicated genes are less likely to mutate

C)duplicated genes do not promote evolution

5) Urokinase and chymotrypsin (a digestive enzyme) have one domain in common with each other. This suggests that:

A) they are part of a gene family

B) they evolved through exon shuffling

6) Match the term with the best definition:

Terms:                                                             Definitions:

Exon shuffling                                                 A)allows bacteria to become antibiotic resistant

Point mutation                                                 B)often has a neutral effect

Horizontal transfer                                           C)involves errors in replication of chromosome ends

                                                                        D) can only occur in eukaryotes

7) What can you conclude about genetic differences and similarities between humans, chimpanzees, and E. coli?

Most conserved genes: a) human accelerated genes b) polymerase c) ribosomal RNAs

Fairly conserved genes: a) human accelerated genes b) polymerase c) ribosomal RNAs

Least conserved genes: a) human accelerated genes b) polymerase c) ribosomal RNAs

Macronutrient digestion based on GI site

Instructions: If digestion of a nutrient occurs in a particular compartment, be sure to list the enzyme and the digestion products

Suppose you have an enzyme that has a K_M value of 10uM for its substrate and a V_max= 7umol-mg^-1min^-1. In the presence of a reversible inhibitor, the K_M value increases to 40uM and the V_max remains the same. What type of inhibitor is this and what is the K_I value of this inhibitor?

What are the correct terms (in order) to fill in the blanks in the sentence below? The gaps left between Okazaki fragments are filled in by the __________ enzyme on the _________ strand

a. DNA ligase - leading

b. helicase - leading

c. primase - lagging

d. DNA ligase - lagging

e. primase - parental

a) Why is the formation of α-ketoglutarate strongly regulated?

b) Isocitrate dehydrogenase is inhibited by ATP and NADH and is activated by ADP. Assuming for a moment that not all of the allosteric effectors are known for this enzyme, propose one additional activator and one additional inhibitor. Justify the logic of your answer.

1. Which physical parameter fluctuates continuously while the PCR machine is running?

2. Name the most unusual characteristic of the PCR enzyme Taq polymerase?

3. Why is PCR (performed on the genetic material of the pathogen) not the greatest test to show how infectious this pathogen is?

How is proteins digested and absorbed after eating a peanut and jelly sandwich on whole wheat including the constituents representing proteins and how and where they are digested and absorbed and how and where proteins are utilized or stored in the body. Include the chemical, hormonal, and enzyme changes that impact this meal.

A heterotrophic cell encodes both the Pyruvate Carboxylase enzyme and the enzymes of the Glyoxylate Bypass. Contrast the reactions leading to oxaloacetate via both mechanisms, starting with PEP. In environments with low organic carbon, which reaction(s) would be favored for carrying out anaplerosis and why?

Track the ingestion and digestion of a ham-and-cheese sandwich on whole wheat bread with lettuce, green pepper, and tomatoes. Describe the fate of this sandwich from the time you eat it. Be very detailed regarding the digestive process, location, enzyme action, and use of accessory organs of digestion

Describe the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi by the F0F1-ATPase.   This enzyme couples two processes – the transfer of protons from out to in and the synthesis of ATP – make sure your story includes some discussion of these two sub reactions and how one is coupled to the other.