1- A mother and newborn baby both need blood transfusions. The father is not currently available for typing and donation. Mother is type O negative and baby is type O positive.

The father of the baby must be Rh
. The mother
safely donate blood to the baby. The father arrives later and after typing his blood its concluded that he can safely donate to his baby - which means that his blood type is
.

2- A mother and newborn baby both need blood transfusions. The father is not currently available for typing and donation. Mother is type O negative and baby is type O positive.

Use Punnett Squares to figure out what the fathers possible genotype(s)? Pick all that apply.

Group of answer choices

OO

AA

BO

AB

BB

AO

3- Why are X-linked recessive genetic disorders more commonly seen in males?

Group of answer choices

For an X-linked disorder to occur, an individual must receive one allele only found on the X chromosome and a second allele found only on the Y chromosome, which females do not have.

Females only have X chromosomes, and genes on the X chromosome are not expressed.

Females must receive two copies of the recessive allele to exhibit the disorder, but males need only one copy.

The alleles of sex-linked genes are carried only on the Y chromosome, which females do not have.

4- A sugar molecule, phosphate group and one of four nitrogenous bases make up this structure which is found in DNA.

Group of answer choices

RNA

nucleotide

base pair

5- What type of macromolecule is DNA?

Group of answer choices

protein

carbohydrate

nucleic acid

lipid

6- What type of RNA specifies the order of amino acids in a protein using a series of three base codons?

Group of answer choices

tRNA

mRNA

rRNA

7- What type of RNA is responsible for bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome by pairing its’ three base anti-codon with a complementary codon on another RNA molecule?

Group of answer choices

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

8- The chromosome theory of inheritance states what?

Group of answer choices

all genes are located on chromosomes

all chromosomes are located on genes

all DNA is made of only of genes

9- During transcription what occurs?

Group of answer choices

a strand of RNA is made from a template strand of DNA

a strand of DNA is made from a template strand of RNA

a protein is built
10- During translation what occurs?

Group of answer choices

a protein is built at the ribosome using mRNA

a strand of RNA is made from a template strand of DNA

a protein is built in the nucleus using DNA

1. Protein synthesis requires energy in the form of ATP and GTP.  Two high-energy phosphate bonds (from ATP) fuel the formation of one aminoacyl tRNA.  Formation of the initiation complex requires energy from one GTP.  Delivery of each new tRNA to the Asite requires one GTP.  Termination requires the hydrolysis of one GTP.   Based on this information, the provided table of codons, and your understanding of the processes of Activation, Initiation, Elongation, and Termination, answer the following questions.  

1. How many high energy phosphate bonds are required for the translation of a 100 amino acid polypeptide, starting with mRNA, tRNA, amino acid and all the necessary enzymes.
2. A portion of prokaryotic mRNA has the following base pair sequence: 5’ACAUCUAUGCCACGA3’.  What would happen if the underlined base was mutated to an A.
3. Puromycin is a drug that is an analog of aminoacyl tRNA.  It has an amino group that is capable of forming a peptide bond, but no carboxyl group with which to form another peptide linkage.  What would be the effect of adding puromycin to cultures of bacteria engaged in protein synthesis.  
4. Ribosomes isolated from bacteria grown in heavy medium (¹⁴C ¹⁵N) and from bacteria grown in light (¹²C ¹⁴N) were added to a cell-free in vitro protein synthesis system.  At a later time a sample was removed and 70S ribosomes were analyzed for differing densities.  How many 70S ribosome densities were found and why?
5. How is the methionine residue used for prokaryotic initiation of translation unique – draw it.  

1.Describe the structure and appearance of an acid-fast cell wall

2..Which of the following is the defining characteristic of acid fast bacteria?

• A thin cell membrane made of phospholipids
• A thin layer of peptidoglycan
• A thick layer of mycolic acids
• A polypeptide layer surrounding the cell membrane

Create a table that shows the relationships between monomers, polymers, and types of bonds, for sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.

Write two well-composed, logical sentences for each of the four molecules above. Write one sentence for dehydration reactions, and one sentence for hydrolysis reactions.

P4O10 is classified as an acidic oxide because it

A. reacts with acids to produce a salt.

B. is insoluble in water.
C. reacts with water to produce OH– .
D. gives a solution of phosphoric acid, H3PO4, on dissolving in water.
E. can act as a Lewis base by donating electron pairs.

[8] What are acids and bases? Describe the two terms giving examples that you commonly use. Explain the term ‘pH’, its equation, and provide a few numbers representing the pH scale! Explain the term ‘Acid Rain’, its formation and its detrimental effect on environment.

• Question 10

  	Which of the following statements about biological nitrogen fixation is true?
  	Answers: a. It is a strictly aerobic process b. It is a strictly anaerobic process c. It is confined to symbiotic bacteria d. It is a process carried out by bacteria, fungi and algae e. It is a process exclusive to bacteria

• Question 11

  	Which of the following statements is true in relation to anaerobic digestion?
  	Answers: a. Only animal wastes are suitable feedstocks b. It produces a biogas that cannot be upgraded to biomethane c. It can only process solid wastes d. It produces a biogas that can be upgraded to biomethane e. It can only be operated at very large scale

• Question 12

  	Methanogenic archaea can utilise:
  	Answers: a. nitrogen as substrate b. carbon dioxide and hydrogen as substrates c. amino acids as substrates d. alcohols as substrate e. glucose as substrate

• Question 13

  	The nitrogenase enzyme complex:
  	Answers: a. consists of a single protein b. cannot function in the presence of oxygen c. produces oxygen as a metabolic waste product d. can tolerate low concentrations of oxygen e. catalyzes nitrification

• Question 14

  	Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge:
  	Answers: a. Reduces the water content of the sludge b. Can be accomplished at retention times of less than 24 hours c. Is normally carried out in CSTR reactors d. Is normally carried out in UASB reactors e. Requires biomass granulation

• Question 15

  	In relation to anaerobic wastewater treatment systems, which of the following statements is true:
  	Answers: a. They can recover 70-80% of the energy content of the wastewater b. They require aeration c. They require CSTR reactors d. They produce >0.5 kg biomass m-3 wastewater treated day-1 e. They do not require enclosure

• Question 16

  	The following is true in relation to methanogenesis:
  	Answers: a. it only occurs in ruminants b. methanogens are bacteria c. it only occurs in aquatic environments d. it requires the cooperative action of a number of different microbial trophic groups e. it requires oxygen

• Question 17

  	Which of the following statements is true in relation to microbial biofilms:
  	Answers: a. They are dependent on the presence of oxygen for growth b. They are composed of a community of microorganisms embedded in a polymer matrix c. They are composed exclusively of gram-negative bacteria d. They are normally associated with freshwater environments e. They are normally associated with anaerobic environments

• Question 18

  	Obligate hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria are often referred to as syntrophs becuase:
  	Answers: a. they grow in biofilms b. they are dependent on another organism for growth c. they produce methane and hydrogen as metabolic end products d. they convert acetate to carbon dioxide as a metabolic end products e. they ferment monomeric sugars

• Question 19

  	Which of the following statements is true in relation to microbial biofilms?
  	Answers: a. Biofilms are mainly associated with photosynthesis b. Biofilms are associated with the occurrence of steep chemical and pH gradients over short distances c. Biofilms are composed of aerobic bacteria d. Biofilms are generally composed of one or two species e. Biofilms are defined by competition between different species

• Question 20

  	Which of the following statements is true in relation to the carbon cycle:
  	Answers: a. Most primary production in terrestrial environments enters food webs b. Most primary production in aquatic environments occurs in sediments c. Most primary production in the ocean does not enter food webs d. Most primary production in aquatic environments occurs under anaerobic conditions e. Most primary production in the ocean enters food webs

Tryptophan (HW) is a diprotic amino acid with Ka1 = 4.3 × 10-3 and Ka2 = 4.7 × 10-10. Determine the pH of the following solutions.

A) 0.214 M tryptophan hydrochloride (H2W Cl–)

B) 0.214 M tryptophan (HW)

C) 0.214 M sodium tryptophanate (Na W–)

Although the RBS, Ribosome-Binding Site, sequences vary considerably in different genes, they include examples like GAGGGG that could serve as code for Glu-Gly. Does this imply that the amino acid sequence Glu-Gly can never occur in protein, lest it be read as a RBS sequence? Explain.

Question: Draw the process by which water-soluble nutrients are absorbed. Include the following labels:

1. Monosaccharide

2. Amino acid

3. Absorptive cell(s)

4. Apical cell surface

5. Basolateral cell surface

6. Villus

7. Blood capillaries

8. Lacteal