State if each of the following processes produce or consume ATP:

a. pyruvate forms acetyl CoA

b. First six reactions of glycolysis

What energy system recovers most slowly with repeated sprints and why?

a) glycolysis

b)oxidative phosphorylation

c)phosphocreatine hydrolysis

4.

a. Which steps in gluconeogenesis DO NOT occur in the cytoplasm?
b. Gluconeogenesis can synthesize glucose because it is energetically favorable in the cell. It is
energetically favorable because it bypasses the three irreversible steps of glycolysis. Which
enzymes in gluconeogenesis are involved in bypass these irreversible reactions?
c. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F-2,6-BP) helps regulate both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. F-
2,6-BP levels are determined by a single polypeptide containing both phosphofructokinase 2
(PFK2) and fructose bisphosphatase 2 (FBPase2). How is the level of F-2,6-BP regulated?

Complete the table below as if you were going to use it as a study aid. Assume all values are per 1 molecule of glucose that begins the cellular respiration pathway. 

Shown following is the first 30 amino acid (one-letter code) region of this putative amino acid sequence for p18:

¹YFNPS     ^6TSDWPT    ¹¹LAPAN    ¹⁶YTFLF    ²¹FLARY    ²⁶WYINL³⁰

A) Based on the partial amino acid sequence provided, do you think that it is more likely that this region of p18 associates with a cellular membrane or is exposed to the cytosol?

B) Why or why not?  

C) Describe how you would experimentally demonstrate if p18 was associated with the membrane or the cytosol.

what does the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) accomplish?

1) PCR converts RNA to DNA

2) PCR corrects mutation in a gene

3) PCR makes many copies of DNA segment

4) PCR joins short segments of DNA to make one long segment

how does the ribosome select the next amino acid to add to a growing polypeptide chain?

1) the ribosome selects the amino acid that can form hydrogen bonds with the mRNA

2) the ribosome selects a tRNA that base-pairs with a codon

3) the ribosome senses that the amino acid fits into a binding pocket on the ribosome

4) the ribosome sense that the amino acid has the same codon as the DNA

• What component of enzyme structure is responsible for enzyme specificity?

• How did the lactose intolerance test that pei took provide evidence that she was lactose intolerant?

Isolation and characterization of the enzyme alkaline phosphate from escherichia coli: protein purification.

2) why is it necessary to dialyze the enzyme after ammonium sulfate precipitation?

6. A bacterium does not want to waste energy synthesizing the amino acid arginine if arginine is present in its diet. Therefore, when arginine is present, it activates a repressor protein to prevent transcription of genes that code for enzyme to make arginine. This is an example of what type of regulation? Please describe the mechanism of this regulation.

7. Prokaryotic genetic information transferring processusually acts as target of antibiotics. We observed a new compound with antibiotic action, and we have already proved this compound do not affect the bacterial replication process. Based on your knowledge about gene information transmission (DNA replication, transcription and translation), please assume the possible mechanism(s). Please use your knowledge to make an experiment to prove your assuming?

8. The initiation of transcription in eukaryotes is a key pointof gene expression regulation. The interaction between biological macromolecules (protein-protein, protein-nucleotide) is very important in the expression regulation of eukaryotic genes. Can you give two examples of regulatory mechanisms related to transcription initiation? Describe the structural features of the molecules.

Choose one or two of this questions to which you are the most certain. thanks!!!