1. Outline 5 ways in which bryophytes adapt to land habitat.
2. What is species? State the rules guiding animal taxonomy.
3. In a tabula form, state the differences between chondrichthyes and osteichtyes
4. How do monotremes, marsupial and placenta mammals differ?
5. What is the difference between the following animals. I]diploblastic and troploblastic. ii] anadromous and catadromous iii] euryhaline and stenohaline iv] agnatha and agnathostomata v] metatheria and eutheria. Vi]annelid and mollusc
6. Classify modern amphibians to different orders given the salient features of each order
7. What advancement has phylum annelid over phylum platyhelminthes. Give list of the classes under phylum mollusc.
8. Identify an animal phylum that exhibits the following features, protonephridia, cnidoblasts, canal system, tube foot, water vascular system, choanocytes and aristotle’s lantern
9. What are the adaptations of birds to aerial life. State the different meansof respiration and excretion in the phylum arthropoda
10. Illustrate with didgrames the types of protosele and siphonostele. Explain the following terms.;eustele, atactostele siphonostele dictyostele and actinostele
11. With a well labelled diagram illustrate a unicellular fungus
12. Describe with a labelled diagram the thallus anatomy of a named thaloid liverwort
13. State ten advancement and successes of a typical andiosperm over other spermatophytes
14. Give a detailed classification of gymnosperm. Draw a well labelled flower and state the function of labelled parts. Draw life cycle of the most primitice form of a vascular non-seed plants
15. With the aid of diagrams explain the terms; i]Acoelomat, ii] pseudocoelomate, iii] coelomate. Why do you think it is necessary to classify animals?
16. What advancement has phylum Annelida over pylum Cnidaria. Write notes on classes of annelidas and give example of eacg class. Why would you not put shark and tilapia in different classes.
17. Identify the phyla that has the following characteristics; i. Radial symmetry ii] protonephridia iii] acoelomate iv] pseudocoelomate v] cnidolasts vi] net nerve vii] malpighian tubules viii] water vascular system ix] choanocytes x] maasupial. What are the principle distinguishing characteristics of a Chordate?
18. Give the phylum, subphylum and class for each of the following animals i] lamprey eel ii] branchiostoma iii] turtle iv] dogfish shark v] whale vi] frog vii] pelican viii] bat ix] human being x] rat. State the different means of respiration and excretion in phylum Arthropoda

Billingham Packaging is considering expanding its production capacity by purchasing a new machine, the XC-750. The cost of the XC-750 is $2.75 million. Unfortunately, installing this machine will take several months and will partially disrupt production. The firm has just completed a $50,000 feasibility study to analyze the decision to buy the XC-750, resulting in the following estimates:

■ Marketing: Once the XC-750 is operating next year, the extra capacity is expected to generate $10 million per year in additional sales, which will continue for the ten-year life of the machine.

■ Operations: The disruption caused by the installation will decrease sales by $5 million this year. As with Billingham’s existing products, the cost of goods for the products produced by the XC-750 is expected to be 70% of their sale price. The increased production will also require increased inventory on hand of $1 million during the life of the project. The increased production will require additional inventory of $1M, to be added in year 0 and depleted in year 10.

■ Human Resources: The expansion will require additional sales and administrative personnel at a cost of $2 million per year.

■ Accounting: The XC-750 will be depreciated via the straight-line method in years 1–10. Receivables are expected to be 15% of revenues and payables to be 10% of the cost of goods sold. Billingham’s marginal corporate tax rate is 15%.

a. Determine the incremental earnings from the purchase of the XC- 750. (NOPAT)

b. Determine the free cash flow from the purchase of the XC-750.

c. If the appropriate cost of capital for the expansion is 10%, compute the NPV of the purchase.

d. While the expected new sales will be $10 million per year from the expansion, estimates range from $8 million to $12 million. What is the NPV in the worst case? In the best case?

e. What is the break-even level of new sales from the expansion? What is the break-even level for the cost of goods sold?

f. Billingham could instead purchase the XC-900, which offers even greater capacity. The cost of the XC-900 is $4 million. The extra capacity would not be useful in the first two years of operation, but would allow for additional sales in years 3–10. What level of additional sales (above the $10 million expected for the XC-750) per year in those years would justify purchasing the larger machine?

NEED D, E, and F!! Show work.

According to the website www.collegedrinkingprevention.gov, “About 25 percent of college students report academic consequences of their drinking including missing class, falling behind, doing poorly on exams or papers, and receiving lower grades overall.” A statistics student is curious about drinking habits of students at his college. He wants to estimate the mean number of alcoholic drinks consumed each week by students at his college. He plans to use a 99% confidence interval. He surveys a random sample of 55 students. The sample mean is 3.69 alcoholic drinks per week. The sample standard deviation is 3.56 drinks.

Construct the 99% confidence interval to estimate the average number of alcoholic drinks consumed each week by students at this college.

( ,  )

Your answer should be rounded to 2 decimal places.

Question 5

Estimating Mean SAT Math Score

The SAT is the most widely used college admission exam. (Most community colleges do not require students to take this exam.) The mean SAT math score varies by state and by year, so the value of µ depends on the state and the year. But let’s assume that the shape and spread of the distribution of individual SAT math scores in each state is the same each year. More specifically, assume that individual SAT math scores consistently have a normal distribution with a standard deviation of 100. An educational researcher wants to estimate the mean SAT math score (μ) for his state this year. The researcher chooses a random sample of 695 exams in his state. The sample mean for the test is 487.

Find the 90% confidence interval to estimate the mean SAT math score in this state for this year.

(Note: The critical z-value to use, zc, is: 1.645.)

( , )

Your answer should be rounded to 3 decimal places.

Question 6

Is smoking during pregnancy associated with premature births? To investigate this question, researchers selected a random sample of 128 pregnant women who were smokers. The average pregnancy length for this sample of smokers was 257 days. From a large body of research, it is known that length of human pregnancy has a standard deviation of 16 days. The researchers assume that smoking does not affect the variability in pregnancy length.

Find the 95% confidence interval to estimate the length of pregnancy for women who smoke.

(Note: The critical z-value to use, zc, is: 1.960)

( , )

Your answer should be rounded to 3 decimal places.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1.After reading the paragraph, answer the question that follows

Two hormones are involved in maintaining blood sugar levels at the set point (about 90 mg of glucose/100 ml of blood). When blood sugar levels rise above the set point, the hormone insulin signals the liver to absorb the excess sugar. When blood sugar levels drop below the set point, the hormone glucagon signals the liver to release its stored glucose to the bloodstream. In juvenile onset diabetes, the body doesn't produce enough insulin and insulin supplements are required.

Based on your understanding of homeostasis, for negative feedback control of blood glucose levels to function properly:

A.the control center for glucose must be somewhere in the digestive system.

B.the absorption of sugars by the liver must ultimately reduce levels of circulating insulin.

C.there must be several other hormones involved (in addition to insulin and glucagon).

D.the body must prevent glucose levels from changing even slightly.

.

2.After reading the paragraph, answer the question that follows

Two hormones are involved in maintaining blood sugar levels at the set point (about 90 mg of glucose/100 ml of blood). When blood sugar levels rise above the set point, the hormone insulin signals the liver to absorb the excess sugar. When blood sugar levels drop below the set point, the hormone glucagon signals the liver to release its stored glucose to the bloodstream. In juvenile onset diabetes, the body doesn't produce enough insulin and insulin supplements are required.

If you had just eaten a meal high in carbohydrates which hormone would be responsible for returning your sugar levels to the set point?

A.insulin

B. glucose

C. pancreas

D. glucagon

E .liver

3.Which of the following is NOT true about counter-current gas exchange in the bird lung?

A. Air flow through the lung is in the opposite direction as blood flow.

B. The air has a higher oxygen concentration than the blood passing nearby.

C. The blood has a higher carbon dioxide content that the air passing nearby.

D. A higher percentage of oxygen is able to be extracted in bird lungs than in human lungs.

E. The blood has a higher oxygen content than the air passing nearby.

The following scenario is based loosely on an actual study conducted in 2013 by Ahn, Kim, and Aggarwal– please note that methods and data have been modified for educational purposes. Do you turn off the light when you leave the room? South Korean researchers wondered how they could increase the number of people who do by use of posters (Ahn, Kim, & Aggarwal, 2013). In one, an image of a light bulb was anthropomorphized by giving it eyes, nose, and a mouth, as well as adding the words, “I’m burning hot, turn me off when you leave!”. In a second, there were no human features on the light bulb and the text simply said, “Our bulbs are burning hot, turn the lights off when you leave!”. They compared how people would respond to the two posters by having each displayed in separate coffee rooms for two weeks. Although the coffee rooms were different, they were matched as closely as possible on as many parameters as possible (similar business, # of employees, et cet) such that this is a correlated groups design. Percent likelihood of someone turning off the light upon exiting was calculated every day and is presented below. Select and conduct the most appropriate statistical test based on the premise that all assumptions are met for a parametric test and this is a correlated groups design. Determine whether there is a difference in likelihood of turning off the light based on the poster campaign.

Anthropomorphism Nonanthropomorphism

87.2 76.3

78.1 86.2

77.5 76.5

91.9 87.0

86.6 77.6

87.4 86.8

76.5 76.2

65.7 65.2

88.3 55.4

57.5 51.7

68.6 61.8

67.9 53.7

73.5 62.9

77.7 57.6

1) Paste appropriate SPSS output.   

2) Paste the appropriate SPSS graph. Make sure you have a y axis label and labels for your two groups.

3) Write an APA-style Results section based on your analysis. All homework “Results sections” should follow the examples provided in the presentations and textbooks. They should include the statistical statement within a complete sentence that mentions the type of test conducted, whether the test was significant, and if relevant, effect size and/or post hoc analyses. Don’t forget to include a decision about the null hypothesis.

4) If the assumptions had been violated, what would the most appropriate statistical test be?

21.

“We should do to others what we would want others to do to us.” This principle is an example of:

Select one:

a. descriptive ethics.

b. veil of ignorance.

c. normative ethics.

d. categorical imperative.

e. metaethics.

22.Which of the following statements holds true for the concept of “environmental exploitation”?

Select one:

a. It refers to the organized coercion of unwilling people into following a particular religion.

b. It refers to the illegal trade of human beings for the purposes of reproductive slavery and commercial sexual exploitation.

c. It refers to organizations damaging nature with their operations while avoiding paying cleanup costs.

d. It refers to taking advantage of the end users’ conditions or knowledge to market products that fail to serve the end users’ interests

e. It refers to taking advantage of individuals’ economic or social conditions to acquire their labor at a low cost.

23.Ivan, who is of Russian nationality, is employed to make deliveries by Deliveries Same Day Limited. A late delivery is made to General Goods and Ivan is called an “ignorant Russian fool”, by Fred the foreman. Ivan is very upset about this and complains to his boss. This is an example of:

Select one:

a. achievement gap.

b. positive liberty.

c. national origin discrimination.

d. affirmative action.

e. white guilt.

24.Which of the following refers to the argument that discrimination is wrong because it diminishes our collective happiness and welfare?

Select one:

a. The fairness argument

b. The temperance argument

c. The rights argument

d. The courage argument

e. The utilitarian argument

25.Which of the following statements holds true for the term, social cause activism?

Select one:

a. It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the leisure time habits and preferences of an organization’s members.

b. It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the degree to which an organization and its members participate in partisan political activities not directly related to work endeavors.

c. It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes a set of rules—explicit or implicit—distinguishing what garments may and what may not be worn in the workplace.

d. It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the degree to which an organization and its members participate in societal crusades not directly related to work endeavors.

e. It refers to an aspect of organizational culture which describes the degree to which an organization and its members participate in local, nonwork endeavors.

QUESTION 16

Which of the following jobs could be described as a "pink-collar" job in the United States?

         a.      nurse practitioner

         b.      human resources manager

         c.      professor

         d.      hotel maid

QUESTION 17

The model family in the 1950s in America was a happy, simple one. Mom stayed home and raised the kids, and Dad went to work and made a good living. Even the dog was happy. In this nuclear family model, we can clearly see the structure of

         a.      "doing gender."

         b.      sex role theory.

         c.      Marxist theory.

         d.      postmodern theory.

QUESTION 18

Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique championed women's right to work in the early 1960s. But for many black feminists, Friedan's book ignored thousands of working women by suggesting that

         a.      all women experience oppression in the same way.

         b.      men benefit from relegating women to the domestic sphere.

         c.      gender influences daily life.

         d.      gender is constructed.

QUESTION 20

According to Michelle Rosaldo’s theory, regardless of time or culture, women tend to be associated with ________ and men tend to be associated with ________.

         a.      not having sense of humor; having a good sense of humor

         b.      the domestic sphere; the public sphere

         c.      children; adults

         d.      being owned; ownership

QUESTION 21

Which of the following statements offers an essentialist explanation for gender differences?

         a.      Women find themselves in lower-paying jobs with fewer opportunities for advancement because these jobs make it easier for them to balance work and family.

         b.      Women take on more responsibility for domestic tasks because men still think of these tasks as women's work.

         c.      There are far fewer women professors in the hard sciences because women are encouraged to study the humanities and social sciences.

         d.      Women are overrepresented in professions such as nursing, teaching, and social work because they are inherently more nurturing and caring than men.

QUESTION 22

In 2011, a Toronto police officer said, during a crime prevention talk, that "women should avoid dressing like sluts in order not to be victimized." The idea that women are supposed to dress within a particular set of (largely unspoken) social boundaries, and thereby avoid being called "sluts," speaks to the

         a.      inability of the Toronto police officer to control himself.

         b.      sharp divisions between biological males and biological females.

         c.      maintenance of a gender order.

         d.      importance of language in society.

Several years ago, your client, Brooks Robinson, started an office cleaning service. His business was very successful, owing much to his legacy as the greatest defensive third baseman in major league history and his nickname, “The Human Vacuum Cleaner.” Brooks operated his business as a sole proprietorship and used the cash method of accounting. Brooks was advised by his attorney that it is too risky to operate his business as a sole proprietorship and that he should incorporate to limit his liability. Brooks has come to you for advice on the tax implications of incorporation. His balance sheet is presented below. Under the terms of the incorporation, Brooks would transfer the assets to the corporation in return for 100 percent of the company’s common stock. The corporation would also assume the company’s liabilities (payables and mortgage). (Negative amounts should be indicated by a minus sign. Leave no answer blank. Enter zero if applicable.)

f. How much if any gain or loss will Brooks recognize if he had taken back a 10-year note worth $25,000 plus stock worth $75,000 plus the liability assumption? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your final answers to the nearest whole dollar amount.)

1. The defining characteristic of long-run economic growth is
   1. the business cycle.
   2. rising productivity.
   3. steady increases in living standards for everyone each year.
   4. high rates of inflation.
2. The computation of the average annual growth rate of real GDP
   1. is the same for shorter periods of time as for longer periods of time.
   2. is computed by simply averaging the growth rate for each year, but only if we use a lot of years.
   3. is more complex when a long period of time is involved than when only a few years are included.
   4. involves computing the percentage change in real GDP between the first year and the last year for the period we are interested in.
3. Which of the following terms refers to the accumulated knowledge and skills that workers acquire from education and training, or from their life experiences?
   1. capital
   2. financial capital
   3. human capital
   4. physical capital
4. Which of the following will not cause an economy to grow in the long run?
   1. a more productive labor force
   2. increases in capital per hour worked
   3. a low minimum-wage rate
   4. technological change
5. Potential GDP is
   1. always greater than actual real GDP.
   2. always less than actual real GDP.
   3. sometimes greater, sometimes less, and sometimes equal to actual real GDP.
   4. the level of GDP that would be produced when firms are operating at maximum capacity.
6. Which of the following is a financial intermediary?
   1. a bank
   2. the White House
   3. a company that develops an Internet search engine
   4. a real estate brokerage
7. What happens when government spending is greater than government tax revenues?
   1. There is negative public saving.
   2. There is dissaving by government and the national debt rises.
   3. The government issues more new bonds than the old bonds it pays off.
   4. All of the above occur.
8. Fill in the blanks. The             the interest rate, the more investment projects firms can profitably undertake, and the                    the quantity of loanable funds they will demand.
   1. lower; greater

8. 2. lower; smaller
   3. higher; greater
   4. higher; smaller
9. As the economy nears the end of an expansion, which of the following occurs?
   1. Interest rates are usually rising.
   2. Wages are usually rising faster than prices.
   3. The profits of firms will be falling.
   4. All of the above occur.
10. Which types of goods are most likely to be affected by the business cycle?
    1. durable goods
    2. nondurable goods
    3. services
    4. goods purchased by the government
11. Fill in the blanks. Recessions cause the inflation rate to     , and they cause the unemployment rate to              .
    1. increase; increase
    2. increase; decrease
    3. decrease; decrease
    4. decrease; increase