The Limits of Redistribution and the Impossibility of Egalitarian Ends

By JEREMY JACKSON AND JEFFREY PALM

ABSTRACT

One of the many dangers of the modern egalitarian philosophy is that it hides its true
objectives behind the guise of social justice. Adherents would insist that they reject the
materialistic values of their free-market foes. However, not far below the surface
commitment to relational equality and disruption of social hierarchy lies their true motive:
material equality. The modern egalitarian is shifting from a focus on equality of relationships
to a focus on equality in quality of life and more comprehensive measures of well-being
(Arneson 2000). Whether the egalitarian desires to create policies that lead to equality in
distribution of wealth or to equality in well-being, it does not matter. Both are impossible
ends. Inequalities in wealth and well-being are due in part to inequalities in the distribution of
social capital, which can be neither removed nor transferred from one individual to another.
Thus, inequalities in wealth and well-being are the inevitable result of a system reliant on
humans autonomously making decisions.
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The Origins of Egalitarianism

1. Egalitarianism as an academic school of thought did not actually begin to concretize
until the post–World War II era, although certain basic ideas go back as far as biblical
times (equality of souls but not “earthly” equality) (Anderson 2014). Many of
egalitarianism’s roots are traceable to a particular understanding of the philosophy of
altruism: the idea that a person has but two options in life—to sacrifice one’s self in the
service of others or to sacrifice others in the service of one’s self (Kelley 1991, 2009).
From this understanding of altruism, egalitarians derive a fundamental
misunderstanding of “the zero-sum game.” Because they mistakenly think of all goods
and services as slices of a (finite) pie, they deduce that for one person to gain, another
must lose. From this either–or conception of altruism, egalitarianism concludes that the
only moral thing to do is to sacrifice one’s self in the service of others (Kelley 1991).

2. Karl Marx himself was no egalitarian, yet many of his ideas have helped to shape
modern egalitarianism. His focus on conflict and the exploitation of the subjugated
worker, derived from his misconceptions of the labour market and the means of
production, contributed to the mid- to late-nineteenth-century push for a shorter
workday and higher wages (Anderson 2014). This push then fed into Otto von
Bismarck’s creation of the first modern welfare state in Germany in an effort to combat
Marx’s more revolutionary socialism. Anthony P. Mueller states that “social policy was
foremost national policy and the social security system was primarily an instrument to
lure the workers away from private and communitarian systems into the arms of the
State” (2003).

3. By the early 1940s, which saw the publication of the Beveridge Report in the United
Kingdom in 1942 and Franklin Roosevelt’s suggestion of the “Second Bill of Rights” in
1944, contemporary crystallization and acceptance of the principles of “distributive
justice” had taken place (Roosevelt 1944; Anderson 2014; “The Welfare State” 2016).

4. Philosopher John Rawls, another one of egalitarianism’s most prominent historical
standard bearers, was himself not strictly an egalitarian. However, his seminal work, A
Theory of Justice (1971), is counted among the most foundational of contributions. In
this volume, Rawls explains his most influential concept, the “difference principle,”
which “gives expression to the idea that natural endowments are undeserved” (Wenar
2012). Rawls felt (as do the so-called luck egalitarians) that just because a person is
more intelligent or a naturally gifted musician or better looking or raised with better
values, or something else, it does not entitle him or her to be better off than others. To
Rawls, being more successful than others by using one’s natural endowments (or by
any other means) can be justified only if people who are worse off are made better off
because of that success.

5. On the face of it and according to their own descriptions, egalitarians have differing
ideas with respect to defining the concepts “justice” and “equality.” However, all
schools of egalitarian thought lead to the same ultimate goal: distribution. Most
egalitarians do not actually advocate equality of outcomes because most realize that a
rigid insistence on the tall being made short or the intelligent being made less so would
lead to disastrous consequences. What they want is what they consider to be “fair”
distribution (Kelley 1991). So their basic notions of equality hinge on whether
distribution is just or in the case of relational egalitarianism that societal relationships
are just. However, before discussing the two broad categories of luck egalitarianism
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and relational egalitarianism, we must say a few more words regarding the concept of
justice.

6. To many libertarians and classical liberals, the claim that a free market, an impersonal
mechanism governed by the laws of nature, is either just or unjust is absurd. This
claim is evidence of a complete misunderstanding of how the market functions. As
Hayek aptly points out, such claims amount to nothing other than anthropomorphism
(1998, 62, 75).

7. However, those who advocate free markets certainly cannot claim to have ever
actually seen them. Much of the egalitarians’ perceptions of injustice are the symptoms
of the very root causes that such advocates devote the bulk of their work to exposing,
refuting, and denouncing. This feature of the justice problem is twofold: on the one
hand, egalitarianism incorrectly concludes that the corruption observed is simply the
way free market capitalism works; on the other hand, some market advocates
inadvertently defend the corruption as though it were free-market capitalism. It is
imperative to acknowledge that which is correctly perceived as unjust as such and
simultaneously to point to its being but a symptom of corruption that is rooted in
government intervention in the market. It must always be stressed that this corruption
is not a product of free-market capitalism because it then becomes possible to
illustrate the clear distinction between calls for justice that are grounded in reality and
those that are founded on anthropomorphism.

8. Unfortunately, this distinction does not usually carry much weight in the view of the
egalitarian, who frequently finds it completely irrelevant. As David Kelley (1991) points
out, every form of “social justice” rests on the belief that individual ability is a social
asset, a collective good. John Rawls wrote, “Injustice, then, is simply inequalities that
are not to the benefit of all” (1972, 62). On this point, Rawls and Hayek tend to agree.
“The most common attempts to give meaning to the concept of ‘social justice,’” states
Hayek, “resort to egalitarian considerations and argue that every departure from
equality of material benefits enjoyed has to be justified by some recognizable common
interest which these differences serve” (1998, 80).

9. Luck egalitarianism—what Murray Rothbard (1995) refers to as “old” or “classical”
egalitarianism—is more overtly concerned with distribution of income and wealth. It
holds that no one should have to be worse off just because they were born into
unfortunate circumstance or were the victim of a natural disaster or made a mistake in
business or are unintelligent or something else. Rothbard terms this egalitarianism
“old” because modern-day egalitarians have realized the limitations of using the mere
poverty of individuals as moral leverage for their demands for justice.

10. Relational egalitarianism (sometimes referred to as “democratic egalitarianism”) has
been discovered to be a much more effective means of moral intimidation when it
comes to insisting that justice be done. Rothbard (1995) terms this viewpoint “new
group egalitarianism.” The significance of the “group” distinction will become clear as
we delve a bit deeper into its meanings.

11. The new-group egalitarians are concerned primarily with social hierarchies—
specifically, domination and subjection, honour and stigmatization, and high and low
standing in the eyes and calculations of others (calculations as in government policy,
for example) (Anderson 2014). However, one must always remember that these
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egalitarians employ this technique to rationalize, justify, and affect their ultimate goal of
distribution. Sometimes they assert that just distribution is what is necessary in order
to bring about just social relationships. At other times, they assert that policies to affect
just social relationships are necessary to bring about just distribution. Whether the cart
comes before or behind the horse makes little difference; the end result is always
governmental use of violence, coercion, and central planning to affect distribution (of
other people’s money) (Rothbard 1995).

12. Groups such as ethnic minorities, genders, laborers, elders, the young, and virtually
any other group conceivable conveniently fit into one or more of the social hierarchies
listed earlier (Rothbard 1995). New groups are readily added to the seemingly endless
list whenever anybody says the magic word injustice, and anyone who would oppose
(re)distribution to one of these groups must be considered an oppressor. Rothbard
sums it up nicely by paraphrasing Joseph Sobran: “[I]n the current lexicon, ‘need’ is
the desire of people to loot the wealth of others; ‘greed’ is the desire of those others to
keep the money they have earned; and ‘compassion’ is the function of those who
negotiate the transfer” (1995, 53). The insidiousness of relational egalitarianism lies in
its approach to distribution. Egalitarians have erroneously concluded that the cause of
economic difficulties is rooted in the unjust social hierarchies. Therefore, it follows
(they conclude) that in order to affect just distribution, they must design a system that
eliminates the unjust social hierarchies (Sowell 2005, 249–66).

13. Although unjust social relationships certainly cause an incalculable amount of (often
catastrophic) damage, the currently fashionable notion that these relationships are the
root causes of economic difficulties rather than the other way around is incorrect
(Sowell 2005; Williams 2011). Economic difficulties can always be shown to be the
ultimate root causes of the unjust social hierarchies or relationships. They arise as
resentment for being treated unjustly, as rationalization or justification for treating (or
having treated) others unjustly, as a means of securing the ability to treat others
unjustly in the future, and so on. Upon observing social injustices, we should ask
ourselves what motives the perpetrators might have for their unjust conduct. The
origins of the injustice are never arbitrary. They are economic. They may be
completely immoral and thoroughly unjust, but the fact remains that they exist because
the perpetrators hope to derive some benefit from them (Williams 2011).
Sources of Inequality

14. Regardless of its rhetoric, at its core egalitarianism has as its main goal the elimination
of wealth inequality. It has been argued (Piketty 2014) that wealth inequality itself
comes from one primary source: capital. Yet capital itself can be placed into many
categories. Physical capital includes the factories, buildings, computers, land, and
infrastructure that are ultimately used as the inputs to production. Human capital
comes from the knowledge and creativity possessed by human beings that gives them
the capability to contribute to production. Commonly overlooked but increasingly
recognized as important is the concept of social capital, which refers to the “trust and
norms of civic cooperation . . . essential to well-functioning societies” (Knack and
Keefer 1997, 1283). To the extent that wealth can be taxed and redistributed, the
egalitarian would argue that the desired end of equality of distribution is achievable.

15. Physical capital and the income stream it produces can be taxed from one individual
and transferred to another. Thus, egalitarians conclude that any wealth inequalities
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perpetrated by differences in the distribution of physical capital ownership can be
remedied by the well-intentioned taxing powers. To this end, proposals have
advocated a sweeping global tax on wealth (Piketty 2014) and expansion of the estate
tax (Caron and Repetti 2013). However, taxation and redistribution of wealth will be
able to produce sustained equality in wealth only under a limited set of circumstances.
A wealth tax can be effective if the only sources of wealth inequality are inequalities in
the distribution of physical capital. If there are other sources of wealth inequality, such
redistribution will not be possible with a simple tax system and will be effective only
under continuous management by a totalitarian regime. “So long as the belief in ‘social
justice’ governs political action, this process must progressively approach nearer and
nearer to a totalitarian system” (Hayek 1998, 68).

16. Wealth inequalities caused by differences in the distribution of human capital are more
difficult yet not impossible for the state to overcome. Although it isn’t possible to
directly take one person’s human-capital stock and give it to another, it is possible to
tax the wage income derived from some persons’ human capital in order to provide
educational opportunities for others (Guvenen, Kuruscu, and Ozkan 2013). However,
an increasing amount of evidence has shown that the labor market rewards and
punishes certain noncognitive traits, including personality, with wage differentials
(Heckman 2000; Borghans et al. 2008). An individual’s psychological traits and
characteristics cannot be instilled in others through mere education. The family also
plays a significant role in the development of human capital (Becker and Tomes 1994),
which makes it even more difficult for redistribution to be effective. Rawls himself
states that the family, with its effects on the development of the natural capacities, will
ultimately always stand in the way of “equal chances of achievement,” unless a
solution is found that will “mitigate this fact” (1972, 74; see also Rockwell 2015).

17. Perhaps most problematic for the egalitarian goal of equality of distribution are the
differences in wealth and income that are perpetrated by social capital and networks.
Wage earnings aren’t derived solely from an individual’s human capital. Douglas North
(1990) argues that informal social norms and culture are critical to an understanding of
the sources of prosperity. One way that this idea has been evidenced and measured in
the literature is through the concept of social capital popularized by the works of
Robert D. Putnam (1995, 2001).

18. Social capital itself has proven difficult to define, with no one definition being agreed
upon in the literature. Emily Chamlee-Wright defines it as “a complex structure made
up of community norms, social networks, favours given and received, potluck suppers,
book groups, church bazaars, and neighbourhood play groups” (2008, 45).

19. Even with the complexities and difficulties in measurement associated with social
capital, a large empirical literature has shown that social capital and networks add
significantly to an individual’s labour earnings (Knack and Keefer 1997; Narayan and
Pritchett 1999). Human capital and social capital often function as substitutes
(Boxman, De Graaf, and Flap 1991). Yet not much is known about the production of
social capital, unlike physical capital, with its capacity for direct redistribution, and
human capital, with its capacity for indirect redistribution. We may in a limited sense be
able to tax some of the labour returns to social capital, but it is yet unclear how that tax
income can be used for the creation of social capital. Although we know that there are
great benefits to both the individual and society at large from social capital and that
societies don’t flourish in its absence, we don’t have a well-developed theory or policy
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on how to create social trust and cohesion. Perhaps the most obvious policy
recommendations (as evidenced by the empirical relationships) are among the most
illiberal because social capital is known to be highly related to racial, ethnic, and
religious homogeneity (Alesina and La Ferrara 2000; Portes 2014). As it turns out,
people trust those who are most like them.

20. There is also an empirical literature that links free-market institutions to measures of
social capital and trust. Although some of the results in this literature are mixed,
several papers suggest a positive and causal relationship between economic freedom
and social capital (see, e.g., Berggren and Jordahl 2006; Jackson, Compton, and Min
Maw 2016). In this light, it is possible that inequalities caused by gains from returns on
social capital may to some degree be the kind that Rawls deems acceptable. Social
capital brings about benefits to society as a whole. Yet those benefits are not spread
equally among all of society’s members but accrue in increased quantities to those
with the more favoured social network. The inequality of incomes and wealth could be
taxed away, but this increase in taxation and redistribution decreases economic
freedom, with a resultant deleterious effect on social capital. These inequalities serve
the “social good.” Attempting to redistribute them away may cause the benefits that all
receive to disappear.

21. Given the impossibility of equality of distribution, the only option available to meet the
egalitarian end of equality of distribution is complete totalitarianism. Only when every
facet of each individual’s life is completely controlled by the state in a continuous
manner can equality be achieved. If the system is ever left to operate on its own,
inequality in distribution will be the result.
New Directions for Egalitarianism

22. As discussed in a previous section, relational egalitarians may not see equality of
wealth as their most desired outcome. They instead desire equality of social
relationships. To them, equality of wealth has been the most direct path to achieve this
desired end. However, new trends are developing.

23. There has been increased attention in the economics literature on the failings of
policies that target economic growth and income in an effort to make lives better off.
This argument has been the apex of the emerging literature on the economics of
happiness. Ever since the publication of Richard Easterlin’s (1974) work, which
popularized the Easterlin Paradox, some of the literature has set out to explain why
increases in a country’s income do not correlate with higher levels of self-reported
happiness among its citizens. Indeed, now even former Federal Reserve chairman
Ben Bernanke argues that “GDP is not itself the final objective of policy” (2010). The
better objective is well-being (happiness), and the egalitarian now has a new direction
for policy in promoting equality of well-being. Many advocate augmenting the national
measurement of gross domestic product with a national happiness accounting (Diener
2000).

24. In shifting the policy focus away from wealth inequality and toward inequality of wellbeing
(Goff, Helliwell, and Mayraz 2016), a host of interventionist policies are opened
up to the egalitarians’ disposal. Subjective well-being measures are regarded as
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comprehensive measures of quality of life, and they have many correlates. A
nonexhaustive list of correlates (Dolan, Peasgood, and White 2008) includes variables
such as income (Diener and Oishi 2000), education (Blanchflower and Oswald 2004),
environment (Welsch 2006), materialism (Kasser 2003), mortality (Kawachi et al.
1997), employment (Stutzer 2004), personality (DeNeve and Cooper 1999), and even
social capital and trust (Helliwell and Putnam 2004). The shift in focus away from
income and toward a more broadly defined well-being measure can open up a
Pandora’s box of progressive policy proposals.

25. However, the egalitarians’ search for policies to attain equality of well-being may in fact
lead to the unraveling of well-being itself. A large literature demonstrates that
autonomy of individual choice leads to greater subjective well-being (Ryan and Deci
2000; Verme 2009), and an ever-expanding literature links high economic freedom to
greater subjective well-being (Veenhoven 2000; Gropper, Lawson, and Thorne 2011;
Nikolaev 2014; Jackson 2016). The problems this literature presents for the goals of
redistribution are in addition to the inherent difficulties in distributing such fundamental
determinates of well-being as personality traits and psychological characteristics.
Perhaps a more pervasive problem for proponents of policies for happiness is that of
adaptation.

26. Adaptation in the happiness literature refers to humans’ innate ability to adapt to new
circumstances. In fact, one explanation of the Easterlin Paradox is that increases in
income can fail to create increases in happiness because people rapidly adjust to their
higher incomes. Although there may be an initial temporal boost in happiness from
increased income, the effects do not persist in the long run. Adaptation also explains
why poor and impoverished countries sometimes report much higher levels of
happiness than might seem reasonable (Graham 2010). People have a baseline
equilibrium level of happiness, and any deviations from that baseline are short-lived. If
well-being inequalities are taken to be meaningful, then any policies implemented with
the intention of combating them must target an element of well-being that isn’t subject
to adaptation. Among the correlates of subjective well-being, social capital is often
referred to as a prominent candidate policy target that is immune to the problems of
adaptation (Bartolini, Bilancini, and Sarracino 2016). Thus, if egalitarianism pursues
equality in the domain of well-being, it will still find itself trying to accomplish an
impossible task in determining the distribution of social capital.
Conclusion

27. Although egalitarians may be reluctant to admit their focus on equality of distribution in
philosophical debate, this singular policy focus has emerged even among the so-called
new-group egalitarians with their emphasis on social hierarchy. Equality of social
relations, they assert, must begin from the establishment of economic equality of
wealth. Unfortunately for these egalitarians, wealth and well-being are partly
determined by the distribution of social capital. Social capital is distinct from physical
capital and human capital in that it can neither be removed from an individual nor
imputed to another. A sovereign’s inability to distribute social capital results in an
impossible equality of distribution in wealth or well-being short of totalitarian control of
the entire system.

SECTION A

QUESTION 1

1.1 Why is it impossible for equality in distribution of wealth? (2)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
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1.2 What is the moral standpoint of egalitarianism? (2)
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1.3 Why did Otto von Bismarck create a welfare state in Germany? (2)
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1.4 According to egalitarianism, what do their basic notions of equality hinge on? (2)
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1.5 What did Hayek accuse the libertarians and classical liberals of when they classified
free markets as just or unjust? (2)
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……………………………………………………………………………………………..…

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
1.6 On what point does modern day egalitarianism disagree with classical egalitarianism?
(2)
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1.7 What does relational egalitarianism advocate should be removed any unjust system?
(2)
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1.8 On what grounds do egalitarians agree that equality of distribution is achievable? (2)
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1.9 Why is social capital regarded as the most illiberal? (2)
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1.10 According to the text, what is the only way we can achieve equality of distribution? (2)
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1.11 What is meant by the Easterlin Paradox? (2)
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1.12 If egalitarianism pursues equality in well-being, what obstacle will they face? (2)
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TOTAL: 24 marks

Warmset Clothing Berhad

Warmset Clothing Berhad is a supplier of winter clothing that has acquired a significant portion of the winter clothing market by producing finest quality products and services. This has contributed favourably to their brand name. The company is contemplating broadening their markets by obtaining a certification from the International Standards Organisation (ISO). The board of directors (BODs) is made up of nine members that hold roughly 26% of the company’s common stock. The members are:

The BODs have good knowledge of the industry and the international distribution market. The board meets thrice a year to discuss important matters pertaining to the business. The following are selected excerpts from the minutes of the BOD meetings in 2019.

ERP system implementation

The implementation of the system was done by Morrison and Associates, the appointed consultants and system developers. The ERP system would enable online real-time transaction processing, which is a significant upgrade from the previous batch-processing system. In order to speed up the implementation process, the system analysts and programmers of Morrison and Associates 24-hour access to the current system.

Upon installation of the system, the programmers entered transactions from December 2019. Various reports generated from both new and old systems were then compared as a test of accuracy. Other than differences due to data entry errors on the old system, both systems have produced similar reports and no differences could be detected. All controls used in the old system was verified and implemented in the new system. The development manager was proud to report the speedy implementation of the system.

Warmset’s IT Department was fully restructured following the new system implementation whereby the programming functions was blended with transaction processing functions. Morrison and Associates recommended the restructuring as a cost-cutting measure. Morrison and Associates also provides round the clock help desk which provides access to anyone requesting to use the system, as well as onsite data library. Data processing efficiency was significantly increased by allowing data processing team to detect and rectify data entry errors made in other departments, including the sales, purchases and production departments. Consequently, closing the accounts took only two days, compared to two weeks on the old system.

The appointment of the Chief Financial Officer

Ms. Nisha Pillai has been appointed as the company’s new controller and CFO. Ms. Nisha was a partner in Morrison and Associates and was recommended by the firm as she possessed talents that are suitable for the Warmset Clothing.

The internal audit department

For the past five years, the internal audit function was outsourced to Morrison and Associates. Dorian Wong has always been contented with the functional integration of the services contracted with Morrison and Associates and was very pleased with the cost-savings. So, he was quite uneasy with the board’s decision to establish the internal audit department.

The newly established internal audit department is led by Adam Ahmad, the director. He has eight years of experience in the finance sector before he continued his study at a local university. Less than three years ago, he graduated with a bachelor degree in accounting. Adam Ahmad is quite well known at Warmset Clothing because his father is the director of finance at Warmset. Adam Ahmad reports directly to Nisha Pillai.

The human capital department

The department has also been restructured based on the recommendation by Morrison and Associates, in the effort to cut costs. The previously autonomous IT department is now part of the human capital department. The restructuring was done to enable better integration between human resources and the information resources, while reducing the bureaucratic decision-making. The previous director, Susanah Chin, has resigned from the position following her dissatisfaction with the restructuring. Hasnina Manaf was then appointed as the new director of human capital. A graduate with a bachelor degree in sports science, Hasnina Manaf was quickly oriented into her roles. To accelerate her grasp of the system, she was allowed access to Susanah Chin’s system access

Financial results

During the board meeting on 1 January 2020, Nisha Pillai presented the financial performance of the company. Among the notable achievement of the company include:

1. The earnings per share of Warmset have been steadier over the years and were marginally higher than the industry average.
2. Warmset’s revenue recognition strategy has proven to be effective in stabilising earnings. The strategy involved recognising revenues at the point of sale and the goods are delivered at a later date.
3. The operating expenses include gains from the sale of old machinery. The decision to sell the machinery has proven to be wise because the new machines has cut the labour hours by half and the gains from the sale has somewhat eased the operating expenses.
4. The company has managed to increase the collection of accounts receivable, resulting in higher debt-to-equity ratio, compared to the industry average.

REQUIREMENTS

1. Assess the risks associated with the industry within which Warmset Clothing Berhad operates.

2. Appraise the potential impact of public offering of Warmset’s bonds as a way to fund the purchase of the new ERP system.

3. Assess the revenue recognition strategy adopted by Warmset Clothing.

4. Identify Warmset Clothing’s internal control weaknesses over financial reporting and corporate governance. Classify the weaknesses as either control deficiencies, significant deficiencies, or material weaknesses. Justify your answer.

Amber Briggs looked nervously at her watch as she sat at the front of a large table in the cafeteria at Kerzner Office Equipment. It was now 10 minutes after 3:00 and only 10 of the 14 members had arrived for the first meeting of the Kerzner anniversary task force. Just then two more members hurriedly sat down and mumbled apologies for being late. Briggs cleared her throat and started the meeting. KERZNER OFFICE EQUIPMENT Kerzner Office Equipment is located in Charleston, South Carolina. It specializes in the manufacture and sales of high-end office furniture and equipment. Kerzner enjoyed steady growth during its first five years of existence with a high-water employment mark of more than 1,400 workers. Then a national recession struck, forcing Kerzner to lay off 25 percent of its employees. This was a traumatic period for the company. Justin Tubbs was brought in as the new CEO, and things began to slowly turn around. Tubbs was committed to employee participation and redesigned operations around the concept of self-managing teams. The company soon introduced an innovative line of ergonomic furniture designed to reduce back strain and carpal tunnel. This line of equipment proved to be a resounding success, and Kerzner became known as a leader in the industry. The company currently employs 1,100 workers and has just been selected for the second straight time by the Charleston Post and Courier as one of the 10 best local firms to work for in South Carolina. AMBER BRIGGS Amber Briggs is a 42-year-old human resource specialist who has worked for Kerzner for the past five years. During this time she has performed a variety of activities involving recruitment, training, compensation, and team building. David Brown, vice president of human resources, assigned Briggs the responsibility for organizing Kerzner’s 10th anniversary celebration. She was excited about the project because she would report directly to top management. CEO Tubbs briefed her as to the purpose and objectives of the celebration. Tubbs stressed that this should be a memorable event and that it was important to celebrate Kerzner’s success since the dark days of the layoffs. Moreover, he confided that he had just read a book on corporate cultures and believed that such events were important for conveying the values at Kerzner. He went on to say that he wanted this to be an employee celebration—not a celebration conjured up by top management. As such, she would be assigned a task force of 14 employees from each of the major departments to organize and plan the event. Her team was to present a preliminary plan and budget for the event to top management within three months. When discussing budgets, Tubbs revealed that he felt the total cost should be somewhere in the $150,000 range. He concluded the meeting by offering to help Briggs in any way he could to make the event a success. Soon thereafter Briggs received the list of the names of the task force members, and she contacted them either by phone or e-mail to arrange today’s meeting. She had to scramble to find a meeting place. Her cubicle in human resources was too small to accommodate such a group, and all the meeting rooms at Kerzner were booked or being refurbished. She settled on the cafeteria because it was usually deserted in the late afternoon. Prior to the meeting she posted the agenda on a flipchart (see Figure C11.1) adjacent to the table. Given everyone’s busy schedules, the meeting was limited to just one hour. THE FIRST MEETING Briggs began the meeting by saying, “Greetings. For those who don’t know me, I’m Amber Briggs from human resources and I’ve been assigned to manage the 10th anniversary celebration at Kerzner. Top management wants this to be a special event— at the same time they want it to be our event. This is why you are here. Each of you represents one of the major departments, and together our job is to plan and organize the celebration.” She then reviewed the agenda and asked each member to introduce him/herself. The tall, red-haired woman to the right of Briggs broke the momentary silence by saying, “Hi, I’m Cara Miller from Plastics. I guess my boss picked me for this task force because I have a reputation for throwing great parties.” In turn each member followed suit. Below is a sampling of their introductions: “Hi, I’m Mike Wales from maintenance. I’m not sure why I’m here. Things have been a little slow in our department, so my boss told me to come to this meeting.” “I’m Megan Plinski from domestic sales. I actually volunteered for this assignment. I think it will be a lot of fun to plan a big party.” “Yo, my name is Nick Psias from accounting. My boss said one of us had to join this task force, and I guess it was my turn.” “Hi, I’m Rick Fennah. I’m the only one from purchasing who has been here since the beginning. We’ve been through some rough times, and I think it is important to take time and celebrate what we’ve accomplished.” “Hi, I’m Ingrid Hedstrom from international sales. I think this is a great idea, but I should warn you that I will be out of the country for most of the next month.” “I’m Abby Bell from engineering. Sorry for being late, but things are a bit crazy in my department.” Agenda 3:00 Introductions 3:15 Project overview 3:30 Ground rules 3:45 Meeting times 4:00 Adjourn FIGURE C11.1 Celebration Task Force Briggs circled the names of the two people who were absent and circulated a roster so that everyone could check to see if their phone numbers and e-mail addresses were correct. She then summarized her meeting with Tubbs and told the group that he expected them to make a formal presentation to top management within 10 weeks. She acknowledged that they were all busy people and that it was her job to manage the project as efficiently as possible. At the same time, she reiterated the importance of the project and that this would be a very public event: “If we screw up, everyone will know about it.” Briggs went over the ground rules and emphasized that from now on meetings would start on time and that she expected to be notified in advance if someone was going to be absent. She summarized the first part of the project as centering on five key questions: when, where, what, who, and how much? She created a stir in the group when she responded to a question about cost by informing them that top management was willing to pay up to $150,000 for the event. Megan quipped, “This is going to be one hell of a party.” Briggs then turned the group’s attention to identifying a common meeting time. After jousting for 15 minutes, she terminated the discussion by requesting that each member submit a schedule of free time over the next month by Friday. She would use this information and a new planning software to identify optimal times. She ended the meeting by thanking the members for coming and asking them to begin soliciting ideas from co-workers about how this event should be celebrated. She announced that she would meet individually with each of them to discuss their role on the project. The meeting was adjourned at 4:00 P.M. 1. What barriers is she likely to encounter in completing this project? 2. What can she do to overcome these barriers? 3. What should she do between now and the next meeting? 1. Team Development Analysis: The following activities are based on the group project that you have been involved in while taking this course. a. Analyze the development of the team in terms of the five-phase model and the punctuated equilibrium model. Which model does the best job of describing how the team evolved? b. Analyze the group in terms of the nine situational factors that influence team development. What factors positively contributed to group performance? What factors negatively contributed to group performance? How did the group try to overcome the negative factors? What could you have done differently to overcome these negative factors? c. Analyze how effectively the group managed meetings. What did the group do well? What didn’t the group do well? If the group were formed again, what specific recommendations would you make about how the group should manage meetings?

Complete the project functions for this week. These functions are winner(), save_game() and load_game(). To complete these functions, first remove the library function call from the function in the template (save_game_lib, etc), then replace that with your own code to complete the function. You can test your functions separately from the project by creating a small main() function that calls them (with appropriate inputs), or you can compile the entire project and see if it works.

winner(): The winner function is rather long, as it needs to check in 4 different directions to 1305ENG (Programming Laboratory 8) Page 5 of 5 see if the game has been won: horizontally, vertically, and diagonally in two directions. Each of these requires loops to pick the starting position, then a statement to compare the 4 squares in the chosen direction to see if they are equal (and not equal to 0). Once you’ve found a single winning combination there’s no need to look any further, just return that result. If you search all four directions without finding a winner, return 0. HINTS: consider where the first square of a winning run of 4 tokens could possibly start. For example, horizontally these 4 tokens could start on the far left of the board, but only up to the 4th last on the right (COLS3). Any further right would not allow for 4 tokens to be in a row. Diagonally the possible starting positions are even fewer – the diagonal downward combinations can only start in the top 3 (ROWS-3) rows, and the leftmost 4 (COLS-3) columns, and similarly for the diagonally upwards direction except the bottom 3 rows. Once you know which possible starting points to loop through, you can then check the 4 tokens in the row starting from the spot.

save_game(): This function saves the specified game to the specified file. Note that a "Game" variable is a struct that has 5 fields: player1 and player2 are integers specifying whether the player is a human (1) or computer (0). The board field contains a COLSxROWS array of integers. The turn field defines whose turn it is in the game (1 or 2), and finally winner is an integer which stores the winner of the game (1 or 2) or 0 if nobody has won yet. All of these fields should be written to the file in the format:

player1 player2 turn winner

[board]

Where board is the entire board, one row at time. This should be printed out in a very similar way to the way the board is displayed, except use the numbers 0 (empty), 1 (player1) and 2 (player2) to represent each square, and there are no other characters such as | or – to format it. See the game.txt file on the website to get an example of what the file should look like. If the file is written successfully, 0 should be returned by the function. If there is any error, -1 should be returned.

load_game(): This function takes a pointer to a Game structure and a filename, and reads the game data from the specified file and puts it into the supplied struct. The format is identical to the save_game function. If the file is read successfully, 0 should be returned. If there is any error, -1 should be returned. More information on this week's functions can be found in the project instructions, and hints on the algorithms can be found in the template file

TEMPLATE FILE:

#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include 
#include "connect4.h"

int main ( void ){

    int option ;
        Game g ;

        // intitialise random seed
        srand(time(NULL));

    while (( option = main_menu()) != -1 ){
        if ( option == 1 ){
            // setup a new game
            setup_game ( &g ) ;
            // now play this game
            play_game ( &g ) ;
        } else if ( option == 2 ){
            // attempt to load the game from the save file
            if ( load_game ( &g, "game.txt" ) == 0 ){
                // if the load went well, resume this game
                play_game ( &g ) ;
            } else {
                printf ( "Loading game failed.\n") ;
            }
        } else if ( option == -1 ){
            printf ( "Exiting game, goodbye!\n") ;
        }
    }
}

// WEEK 1 TASKS
// main_menu()
// column_full()
// get_move()

// displays the welcome screen and main menu of the game, and prompts the user to enter an option until
// a valid option is entered.
// Returns 1 for new game, 2 for load game, -1 for quit
int main_menu ( void ){

    // Dipslay Welcome message

    // Continue asking for an option until a valid option (n/l/q) is entered
    // if 'n', return 1
    // if 'l', return 2
    // if 'q', return -1
    // if anything else, give error message and ask again..

    return main_menu_lib () ;
}


// Returns TRUE if the specified column in the board is completely full
// FALSE otherwise
// col should be between 1 and COLS
int column_full ( int board[COLS][ROWS], int col ){

    // check the TOP spot in the specified column (remember column is between 1 and COLS, NOT 0 and COLS-1 so you'll need to modify slightly
    // if top spot isn't empty (0 is empty) then the column is full, return 1
    // otherwise, return 0
    return column_full_lib ( board, col ) ;
}


// prompts the user to enter a move, and checks that it is valid
// for the supplied board and board size
// Returns the column that the user has entered, once it is valid (1-COLS)
// note that this value is betweeen 1 and COLS (7), NOT between 0 and 6!!
// If the user enters 'S' or 's' the value -1 should be returned, indicating that the game should be saved
// If the user enters 'Q' or 'q' the value -2 should be returned, indicating that the game should be abandoned
int get_move ( int board[COLS][ROWS] ){

    // repeat until valid input is detected:

    // read a line of text from the user
    // check if the user has entered either 's' (return -1) or 'q' (return -2)
    // if not, read a single number from the inputted line of text using sscanf
    // if the column is valid and not full, return that column number
    // otherwise, give appropriate error message and loop again

    return get_move_lib ( board ) ;
}


// END OF WEEK 1 TASKS

// WEEK 2 TASKS
// board_full()
// display_board()
// add_move()


// adds a token of the given value (1 or 2) to the board at the
// given column (col between 1 and COLS inclusive)
// Returns 0 if successful, -1 otherwise
int add_move ( int board[COLS][ROWS], int col, int colour ){

    // check that the column isn't full - if it is, return -1 and abort

    // start at the bottom of the board, and move upwards in the specified column until an empty spot is found
    // put a token of the specified colour at that location
    return add_move_lib ( board, col, colour ) ;
}



// determines if the board is completely full or not.
// Return TRUE if full, false otherwise
int board_full ( int board[COLS][ROWS] ){

    // loop through each column
        // if a column ISN'T full, return 0 (board can't be full if a single column isnt

    // if all columns are checked and full, return 1

    return board_full_lib ( board ) ;
}


// displays the board to the screen
int display_board ( int board[COLS][ROWS] ){

    // loop through each row and column of the board and display in appropriate format
    // use | and - characters to draw boundaries of the board, and put numbers at the bottom to indicate the column numbers

    return display_board_lib ( board ) ;
}


// END OF WEEK 2 TASKS

// WEEK 3 TASKS
// winner()
// save_game()
// load_game()


// determines who (if anybody) has won.  Returns the player id of the
// winner (1 or 2), otherwise 0 if nobody has won yet
int winner ( int board[COLS][ROWS] ){

    // using loops, check all possible HORIZONTAL winning locations
        // check every row, for each row:
            // for starting vlaues of 1 to 4 (COLS-4+1), check if 4 squares are all the same player's colour
                // if so, return that colour as the result

    // do a similar process for VERTICAL winning combinations

    // do a similar process for DIAGONAL UPWARDS combinations

    // do a simlar process for DIAGONAL DOWNWARDS combinations

    // if no winner found, return 0
    return winner_lib ( board ) ;
}



// saves the game to the specified file. The file is text, with the following format
// player1 player2 turn winner
// board matrix, each row on a separate line
// Example:
//
//1 0 1 0        player 1 human, player 2 computer, player 1's turn, nobody has won
//0 0 0 0 0 0 0  board state - 1 for player 1's moves, 2 for player 2's moves, 0 for empty squares
//0 0 0 0 0 0 0
//0 0 0 2 0 0 0
//0 0 0 2 0 0 0
//0 2 1 1 1 0 0
//0 2 2 1 1 2 1
int save_game ( Game g, char filename[] ){
    return save_game_lib ( g, filename ) ;
}

// loads a saved game into the supplied Game structure. Returns 0 if successfully loaded, -1 otherwise.
// Format is identical to the save format described above, obviously.
int load_game ( Game *g, char filename[] ){
    return load_game_lib ( g, filename ) ;
}


// END OF WEEK 3 TASKS

// WEEK 4-5 TASKS
// setup_game()
// play_game()
// computer_move()


// calcualtes a column for the computer to move to, using artificial "intelligence"
// The 'level' argument describes how good the computer is, with higher numbers indicating better play
// 0 indicates very stupid (random) play, 1 is a bit smarter, 2 smarter still, etc..
int computer_move ( int board[COLS][ROWS], int colour, int level ){

    // If level 0, this is a 'dumb' opponent, pick a random column that isn't full and return that

    // If level 1, this is slightly smarter - if the computer's move can win the game, choose that column, otherwise random

    // If level 2, slightly smarter again. If computer can win it will do that, otherwise it will block an opponent's winning move, otherwise random

    // Higher levels are up to you!

    // Hint - you can copy the board into a 'temporary' board and trial putting a token in a column, then simply call the winner function to see
    // if that move has won the game. Doing this for the current player will check if that player can win, doing it for the opponent will see if the opponent can win next turn

    // You can use "lookahead" logic to search for the 'best' move many moves ahead

    return computer_move_lib ( board, colour, level ) ;
}


// sets up the game to a new state
// prompts the user if each player should be a human or computer, and initialises the relevant fields
// of the game structure accordingly
int setup_game ( Game *g ){

    // prompt the user to enter whether each player is a human or computer (h or c)
    // set the player1 and player2 fields of the struct accordingly (1 for human, 0 for computer)
    // initialise the board to all zeros
    // set winner to 0 ( no winner yet!)
    // set turn to either 1 or 2 (randomly)
    return setup_game_lib ( g ) ;
}


// Starts or resumes playing the Game g. Continues until the game is over or the user quits.
int play_game ( Game *g ){

    return play_game_lib ( g ) ;
}

Item 1

In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.

Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?

Word-for-Word plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism

This is not plagiarism

Hints

Item 2

In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.

Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?

Word-for-Word plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism

This is not plagiarism

Hints

Item 3

In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.

Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?

Word-for-Word plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism

This is not plagiarism

Hints

Item 4

In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.

Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?

Word-for-Word plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism

This is not plagiarism

Hints

Item 5

In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.

Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?

Word-for-Word plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism

This is not plagiarism

Hints

Item 6

In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.

Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?

Word-for-Word plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism

This is not plagiarism

Hints

Item 7

In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.

Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?

Word-for-Word plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism

This is not plagiarism

Hints

Item 8

In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.

Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?

Word-for-Word plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism

This is not plagiarism

Hints

Item 9

In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.

Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?

Word-for-Word plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism

This is not plagiarism

Hints

Item 10

In the case below, the original source material is given along with a sample of student work. Determine the type of plagiarism by clicking the appropriate radio button.

Which of the following is true for the Student Version above?

Word-for-Word plagiarism

Paraphrasing plagiarism

This is not plagiarism

Experiment 1: Measure the pH of Acids

Lab Results

Record your observations in the table below.

Data Analysis

For each test tube, calculate the concentration of H₃O and pH. You can use the following formula to determine the concentration of HCl.
M₁ x V₁ = M₂ x V₂
where M₁ and V₁ are the molarity and volume of the first solution and M₂ and V₂ are the molarity and volume of the second solution.
Given that HCl is a strong acid, the H₃O concentration is equal to the HCl concentration except at very low concentrations (test tube 6 and 7) where the H₃O from the dissociation of water (1.00*10^-7) becomes significant.

Experiment 2: Measure the pH of Bases

Lab Results

Record your observations in the table below.

Data Analysis

For each test tube, calculate the concentration of NaOH, OH^–, H₃O, and pH. You can use the following formula to determine the concentration of NaOH.
where M₁ and V₁ are the molarity and volume of the first solution and M₂ and V₂ are the molarity and volume of the second solution.
M₁ x V₁ = M₂ x V₂
Given that NaOH is a strong base, the HO^– concentration is equal to the NaOH concentration except at very low concentrations (test tube 6 and 7) where the HO^– from the dissociation of water (1.00*10^-7) becomes significant.

Conclusion

1- Why do you think some of the indicators used in experiment 2 were different than the ones used in experiment 1?

2- Suppose a student mixed his HCl and NaOH solution and decided to use bromothymol blue to figure out which is which. Which test tube in the figure below contains NaOH?

A: Yellow Test Tube

B: Blue Test Tube

Part A

A simple way to estimate whether a molecule is a strong electrolyte, a weak electrolyte, or a nonelectrolyte is to examine an equation that accurately describes its behavior in water. When examining the chemical equations, start by looking at the direction and type of reaction arrow. A chemical equation reported in the literature may include a forward reaction arrow (?), equilibrium reaction arrow (?), or reverse reaction arrow (?). Next, determine whether ions are likely to be present and, if present, in what quantities they should be present.

Predict whether each of the compounds depicted as reactants in the following equations would behave as a strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, or nonelectrolyte. Assume you have no access to any other information and classify them only according to what the equation indicates.

Drag the appropriate chemical equations to their respective bins.

Part B

This question will be shown after you complete previous question(s).

Part C

Examining the equations or equilibrium constants related to a base, salt, or an acid is an indirect way to determine strength of an electrolyte. The strength of an electrolyte can be examined directly by placing a solution into a circuit so that the voltage or amount of current can be measured. Although conductivity refers to the flow of charged species, we usually examine conductivity with respect to resistance. As the name implies, a solution that does not conduct electricity very well also has a very high resistance.

If solutions containing various acids, bases, and salts were prepared and connected to a circuit that powers a light bulb, the strength of the electrolyte could be estimated by examining the intensity of the light bulb. Complete the following sentences regarding the experimental determination of the electrolyte strength for various molecules dissolved in solution.

Match the classifications in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer.

Write a complete Java program pleaaase

The transport Company in which you are the engineer responsible of operations for the optimization of the autonomous transport of liquid bulk goods, got a design contract for an automated intelligent transport management system that are autonomous trucks which transport liquid bulk goods (urea, dust suppressants, acids, gasoline, milk, etc.), forming part of customer orders.

After loading at a centralized distribution center, the trucks move autonomously to the delivery points. After loading at a centralized distribution center, the trucks move autonomously to the delivery points.

The management of this automated intelligent transport management system is based on the following entities:

1) Goods stored at the centralized distribution center (Trois-Rivières).

2) Autonomous trailer trucks (tanks)

3) Orders of goods transported by autonomous trucks

4) Customers

5) Freight transport routes

6) Destination cities (delivery cities)

From lists of goods ordered from customers, a clerk generates delivery routes that send autonomous trucks pre-loaded with liquid goods transported by tanker.

The characteristics of each entity are:

• Merchandise:
  • Merchandise number
  • Description (ex: urea, dust suppressant, sodium hypochlorite, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, acid, milk, etc.)
  • Volume in stock (liter)
  • example
  • Merchandise.dat
  • 1, acid, 350000
    2, urea, 1000000
    3, milk, 2000000
• Trucks:

• Truck number
• Transport capacity (liter ex: 35,000, 25,000, 15,000, 10,000)
• Autonomy Range (distance km)
• example:
• trucks.dat
• 1, 35000, 600
  2, 10000, 1000
  3, 20000, 800
  4, 35000, 600

• Orders :

• Order number
• Client number
• Commodity Number
• Volume (liter)
• Delivery city
• exemple;
• orders.dat:
• 1, 1, 1, 35000, Montreal
  2, 3, 2, 70000, Quebec
  3, 2, 3, 25000, La Pocatiere
  4, 4, 1, 105000, Repentigny

• Clients :

• Client number
• City

• Routes:

• Trip number
• Truck number
• Number of different clients
• Client number
• Commodity number
• Volume delivered

• Delivery cities:

• City number
• Name

Stages of realization:

1. Write the implementation of the classes Merchandise, Customers, Trucks, Orders, Cities and Trips: for each of the classes, we propose to define (first of all) the constructor of the class which makes it possible to load the existing data from Merchandise.dat, Customers.dat, Camions.dat, Orders.dat, Trajets.dat, Villes.dat files and at least one method for displaying the characteristics of a particular object from each of these classes.
2. Write a main program (main method) which:

• Allows you to add, delete, modify information, update data on disks (.dat files) on Goods, Customers, Trucks, Orders, Cities and Routes.
• Allows you to display all the characteristics of the journeys made.

Also displays information about Merchandises, orders, customers, trucks, cities.

• To do this you can use a menu in your main () function which allows you to select the operations (eg: additions, deletions, modifications, displays).

Your application must take into account the handling of errors (exceptions).

Monica Williams is a 32-year-old woman who presents with a 3-month history of nervousness, tremor, palpitations, increased sweating, and discomfort with heat. She has lost 20 pounds over the last 3-months, despite a voracious appetite. Monica also complained of muscle weakness and fatigue with exercise at a level to which she was ordinarily accustomed. Physical exam revealed a heart rate of 110 beats/minute, respirations at 20/minute, and a blood pressure of 150/60. Her skin was warm and moist, her speech was rapid, her gaze had a stare quality, and her movements were hyperkinetic. She exhibited a tremor and very rapid reflexes. It was revealed her thyroid gland was diffusely enlarged.

Laboratory studies revealed:

Total serum T4 = 26 ug/dl (Normal 5 - 12)

Serum Free T4 = 4.1 ng/dl (Normal 0.8 – 2.4)

Serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) = 0.01 (Normal 0.5 – 5)

Pregnancy test = negative

1.         You suspect that Monica is suffering from hyperthyroidism. Based on your understanding of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary-thyroid axis discuss each of the following as a possible cause of Monica’s hyperthyroidism.

                        a. Increased secretion of TRH from the hypothalamus

                        b. Increased secretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary

                        c. Primary hyperactivity of the thyroid gland

                        d. Ingestion of exogenous thyroid hormones

2.         To gain additional information about Monica’s thyroid condition, the activity of her thyroid gland was measured by a radioactive iodide (I^-) uptake test. When her gland was scanned for radioactivity, I^- uptake was increased uniformly throughout the gland. How did this additional information help refine the diagnosis? Which potential cause of hyperthyroidism, as listed in Question #1, was ruled out by this result?

3.         A condition that causes hyperthryroidism is Graves’ Disease. Describe the pathophysiologic basis for how this condition leads to increased secretion of thyroid hormone. Include a discussion of the type of hypersensitivity disorder underlying Graves’ Disease.

4.         Monica’s thyroid condition was treated with a thiouracil drug, which inhibits the enzyme peroxidase. Based on your knowledge of the synthesis of thyroid hormone, explain the mechanism as to how this drug might benefit Monica.

After 4 weeks of treatment with thiouracil, Monica’s symptoms improved, and her

serum total T4 decreased to within normal range.   However, after 12 weeks of the

same dose of thiouracil, her serum T4 decreased further to below normal. At this time, Monica

complained of fatigue, lethargy, and intolerance to cold. Her weight had increased to 20

pounds over her usual healthy weight. Her thyroid gland, which had begun to decrease in size

with drug treatment, had now grown even larger than before treatment.

5.         Explain Monica’s symptoms at 12 weeks of continual therapy with maximal dose of thiouracil? What do you anticipate her serum TSH level to be at that point (12 weeks) and why? Why did her thyroid gland enlarge?

Case #1

A 24-year old female automotive technician presents herself at the doctor’s office. She complains of fever and of pain in her left hand. On physical examination, the patient had a deep wound on her left palm that was oozing pus. She had purplish, red streaks running up her left arm. She had enlarged lymph nodes at the elbow and under her arm. The patient’s skin was warm and dry. In her history, the patient had punctured her left palm with sharp metal from the undercarriage of a"real cherry" 1977 Malibu about a week earlier. She said the wound had bled for a few minutes and she thought that she had washed it "real good" with soap and water. She had covered the wound with a large "band-aid" and gone back to work. She developed a fever about three days later. For the past couple of days, she "did not feel so good" and had vomiting and diarrhea

1.

The bacteria that caused the infections is:

2.

From complaint and physical examination, which of the symptoms lead you to your choice ofagent?

3.

The most important preventive measure to prevent the spread of this bacteria is:

4.

clinical isolate of the wound is sent to the microbiology lab. Which medium would be inoculated to identify of the bacteria causing the infection?

5.

The medium used to identify the bacteria causing the infection is:

6.

causative agent of infection is capable of causing disease in the _______________ system.

7.

Pathogenic strains of the causative agent of the infection produce an enzyme called:

8.

What type of infection do you believe she has in this hand?

9.

From the history, which of the information confirmed your choice?

10.

Which of the following is most likely to follow this infection?