Many business students are familiar with the pressure to get internships or part-time jobs in their career field while in school. The surest route to the career track for many is to take on these limited-duration work assignments. Internships do give employers an easy way to size up potential applicants in a setting identical to the one in which they would perform. And unlike employees, interns are easily terminated if they don’t pan out. It’s the same situation for part-time or summer workers, who are sometimes let go at a moment’s notice.

Internships are such a powerful tool for finding jobs that some students have begun to take on low-paid or even unpaid work assignments. While such “early bird” internships used to be primarily associated with large organizations, many startups have begun to attract students. For example, Remy Agamy took an internship at a three-person design company, knowing that it wasn’t likely to turn into a job. Still, in the job market she found that other prospective employers were keen on learning what she’d done in this internship. “I think we talked more about my eight-week internship than my four years of consulting experience,” she said.

The value of internships for students, however, has long been questioned. While there may be a promise of a chance to learn, many students complain of doing little more than acting as unpaid, unskilled labor. Christina Isnardi is one student who felt exploited by the system. She described working 16- or 17-hour days at Lions Gate Entertainment, doing work like taking breakfast orders or working in locations far from the actual film set. “We just feel as though our dreams are holding us hostage to this unfair, unethical labor practice.” Isnardi’s experiences are not uncommon. Interns working for organizations as diverse as MTV, Warner Music Group, and Madison Square Garden describe similar experiences, which is why all these organizations have all faced lawsuits from former interns.

In what might seem like a dream job, other students have negotiated great-sounding internships at organizations that regularly hire interns and pay them, but then don’t know what to do with these temporary employees. One student we know of was encouraged to make the best use of his time during his summer internship in a major city, including taking a paying job elsewhere and just staying in touch by phone when work hours overlapped! Because of his ingenuity, he reported it was a very productive summer, but the internship didn’t provide the learning opportunity he was seeking. Many major organizations maintain internship programs as part of a broader corporate social responsibility (CSR) value.

Whether internships have value remains an open question. Most of the controversy does suggest that students need to know the details before agreeing to these arrangements, because not all internships offer a fair living wage or a strong career experience. HR departments are responsible for monitoring and designing internship programs.

Question 1: What are the potential challenges for Human Resource Department in the changing face of internship as it was originally arranged?

Question: What are the benefits of internship to the potential employee?

Question 3: How can the Human Resource Department mopnitor and design internship programs?

Answer the following Questions:

1. There is no correlation between motivation and behavior. T         F

2. In general, most humans have the desire to succeed in some capacity or   another. T       F

3. There are three criteria to emotion. They are biological, cognitive and neurological.   T           F

4. How many instincts did William MsDougall suggest humans possess?________________

3. How many instincts did Bernard suggest humans possess?

5. Most animal behavior is based on _________________________.

6. In 1 sentence describe drive reduction._________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Most human behavior is learned. T        F

8. What percentage of the U.S. population are overweight?____________________

9. The various levels of insulin leads to the body storing excess sugar as fat and carbohydrates. T               F

10. In 2 sentences explain nurture vs nature. _____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________

11. Heredity does not play a role in development. T       F

12. Heredity is based on genetic makeup. T         F

13. What is cross-sectional research? (2 sentences) _____________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________________

14. One cell at conception contains a specific number of chromosomes. How many? _______________________

15. Name the three parenting styles._________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

16. Source amnesia occurs when someone can recall a lost memory. T        F

17. Constructive property in memory means rebuilding the past.   T            F

18. Schemas are disorganized pieces of memory.   T           F

19. Children’s memories are highly susceptible to suggestion. T         F

20. Tunes in our heads are associated with mental images. T        F

21. With regard to problem solving, name the 3 types of problems.

______________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

22. The single general factor for mental ability is the g-factor.    T           F

23. People with fluid intelligence are concrete thinkers. T           F

24. What is crystallized intelligence? ________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________

25. Intelligence tests can be utilized to identify vocational and educational opportunities. T          F

26. What are drive reduction impulses? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

27. Human behavior is primarily instinctual. T        F

28. What are gut reactions? _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

29. Explain the stages of Maslow’s theory of hierarchy:

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________

30. Men on the average earn less than women on the job. T         F

31. The degree of aggressive behavior between men and women is identical.

T           F

32. There are not any general differences between men and women regarding IQ scores.    T         F

33. A mother who drinks alcohol regularly may possibly give birth to a child with cognitive issues.    T        F

34. One in 10 people in the United states will be infected with a STI at some point or another.    T       F

35. The ego is the raw unborn part of personality. T        F

36. The superego is the final personality structure to develop in childhood.

T          F

37. The id attempts to relieve tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression and irrational impulses.    T          F

The theory revolved around the id, ego and superego are based on Sigmund Freud’s personality model. T          F

38. Freud believed that only the id and ego have conscious components. T      F

39. Freud’s theory of personality represenst abstract concepts of a general model of personality that describes the interaction of forces that motivate behavior.   T           F

40. The superego harshly judges the morality an individual’s behavior.   T     F

Change the format of the given code to two columns, add a sub title and an author name and increase the color and thickness of the column-rule. Add an image and float the text around the image.

<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- Fig. 5.17: multicolumns.html -->
<!-- Multicolumn text in CSS3. -->
<html>
<head>
<meta charset = "utf-8"›
<title>Multicolumns</title>
<style type = "text/css"›
p
{ margin:0.9em Oem; }
.multicolumns
{
/* setting the number of columns to 3 */
-webkit-column-count: 3;
-moz-column-count: 3;
-o-column-count: 3;
column-count: 3;
/ *setting the space between columns to 30px */
-webkit-column-gap: 30px;
-moz-column-gap: 30px;
-o-column-gap: 30px;
column-gap: 30px;
/ *adding a 1px black line between each column */
-webkit-column-rule: 1px outset black;
-moz-column-rule: 1px outset black;
-o-column-rule: 1px outset black;
column-rule: 1px outset black;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Computers, Hardware and Software<h1/>
</header>
<div class = "multicolumns">
<p>A computer is a device that can perform computations and make logical decisions phenomenally faster than human beings can. Many of today's personal computers can perform billions of calculations in one second&mdash;more than a human can perform in a lifetime. Supercomputers are already performing thousands of trillions (quadrillions) of instructions per second! To put
that in perspective, a quadrillion-instruction-per-second computer can perform in one second more than 100,000 calculations for every person on the planet! And&mdash;these "upper limits" are growing quickly!</p>
<p>Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer programs. These programs guide
the computer through orderly sets of actions specified by people called computer programmers. The programs that run on a computer are referred to as software. In this book, you'll learn today's key programming methodology that's enhancing programmer productivity, thereby reducing software-development costs&mdash;object-oriented programming.</p>
<p>A computer consists of various devices referred to as hardware (e.g., the keyboard, screen, mouse, hard disks, memory, DVDs and processing units). Computing costs are dropping
dramatically, owing to rapid developments in hardware and software technologies. Computers that might have filled large rooms and cost millions of dollars decades ago are now inscribed on silicon chips smaller than a fingernail, costing perhaps a few dollars each. Ironically, silicon is one of the most abundant materials&mdash;it's an ingredient in common sand. Silicon-chip technology has made computing so economical that more than a billion general-purpose computers are in use
that more than a billion general-purpose computers are in use worldwide, and this is expected to double in the next few years.</p>
<p>Computer chips (microprocessors) control countless devices. These embedded systems include anti-lock brakes in cars, navigation systems, smart home appliances, home security systems, cell phones and smartphones, robots, intelligent traffic intersections, collision avoidance systems, video game controllers and more. The vast majority of the microprocessors produced each year are embedded in devices other than general-purpose computers.</p>
<footer>
<em>&copy; 2012 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.</em>
</footer>
</div>
</body>
</html>

QUESTION 1

1. What is the approximate radius of an oxygen nucleus with 8 protons and 8 neutrons?

   	1.	3.02 fm
   	2.	2.4 fm
   	3.	3.53 fm
   	4.	1.10 fm
   	5.	2.89 fm

1 points   

QUESTION 2

1. It is possible to tell α particles from β particles by placing the decaying atom

   in a magnetic field because

   	1.	α particles deflect in the magnetic field but β particles don't
   	2.	β particles deflect in the magnetic field but α particles don't
   	3.	α particles deflect in one direction and β particles in other.
   	4.	α and β particles both deflect in the samedirection but β particles deflect much more.
   	5.	α and β particles both deflect in the same direction but α particles deflect much more.

1 points   

QUESTION 3

1. In terms of the penetrating capabilities of the different types of radiation

   	1.	they all penetrate roughy the same amount of material
   	2.	γ rays can penetrate much deeper than α rays
   	3.	α rays can penetrate much deeper than γ rays
   	4.	β rays can penetrate much deeper than γ rays

1 points   

QUESTION 4

1. Particles which are acted on by the weak nuclear force but not the strong nuclear force are

   referred to as

   	1.	quarks
   	2.	hadrons
   	3.	mesons
   	4.	baryons
   	5.	leptons

1 points   

QUESTION 5

1. When a kilogram of a material has absorbed 0.01 Joules of energy from radiation, we say

   it has received

   	1.	1 rad
   	2.	1 roentgen
   	3.	1 RBE
   	4.	1 curie

1 points   

QUESTION 6

1. Which of the following particles will have a larger biological effect on a human assuming they all

   have the same energy?

   	1.	an X-ray
   	2.	a γ ray
   	3.	a slow neutron
   	4.	an α particle

1 points   

QUESTION 7

1. The purpose of the control rods in a nuclear reactor is to

   	1.	slow down the neutrons given off during fission
   	2.	speed up the neutrons given off during fission
   	3.	absorb the neutrons given off during fission
   	4.	absorb the protons given off during fission
   	5.	absorb the γ rays given off during fission

1 points   

QUESTION 8

1. The purpose of a moderator in a nuclear reactor is to

   	1.	slow down the neutrons given off during fission
   	2.	speed up the neutrons given off during fission
   	3.	absorb the neutrons given off during fission
   	4.	absorb the protons given off during fission
   	5.	absorb the γ rays given off during fission

1 points   

QUESTION 9

1. Which of the four fundamental forces has the largest interaction strength?

   	1.	gravitational force
   	2.	weak nuclear force
   	3.	strong nuclear force
   	4.	electro-magnetic force

1 points   

QUESTION 10

1. It is possible to imagine the human body by looking at the radiation produced from

   the annihilation of matter and antimatter. This is referred to as

   	1.	magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
   	2.	X-rays
   	3.	computer aided tomography (CAT)
   	4.	positron emission tomography (PET)

1 points   

Name: Fahad B                                  Word: Medical                       Bed: ICU bed #9

Age: 57 years                                     Physician: Mona, Khaled (unit A)

Fahad is a fit and healthy consultant surgeon. He arrived by ambulance to the ER unconscious after having a seizure in his house after a long sentry duty in the same hospital.

His wife reported that he experienced incomprehensible symptoms in the last two months like continues headaches, strange feeling in his head, imperiled vision, difficulty to recall his patient and colleges names and general weakness specially in his hands. Fahad was known of his linguistic ability but these days he lost the right words.

Neurosurgeon did MRI and found a big malignant Grade I (brain tumor). They put him under surgery and sedate him after that in the ICU by using benzodiazepines, opioid narcotics and propofol for 5 days to help him recovery. In the ICU the medical team monitor him closely. The ICU dietitian decided to start enteral nutrition as soon as possible. So, a gastrointestinal tube was fixed immediately.

Diagnosis:                   Malignant Grade I

Medical plan:             Brain surgery to remove the tumor followed intubation and sedation for 5 days. Radiation therapy is planned to be after the assessment.

Medical history:         No medical history

Smoking:                    Heavy smoker 3 backet/day   

Medication:                None  

Family history:          Mother (Breast cancer and Diabetes)

Marital status:           Married with 2 kids

Physical examination:

Abdomen:      Normal                       

Chest/lungs: Clear   

Skin:               Soft, normal bowel sounds, no-tender           

Edema:           Brain edema around the skull

Stool:             No

Urine:             Normal

Edema:           -ve      

Vital signs:

BP:                  140/80

Pulse:              70

Temperature:                                                37.2 ^OC

Height:                                                182 cm

Usual weight:                                     82 kg

Last weight before surgery:             79kg

Current weight after surgery:         unknown

Biochemical lab test (after surgery):

24hours recall (usual menu before diagnosis with cancer):

Breakfast: 1 cup Americano + 1 protein bar

Snack: 1 orange juice
Lunch: 1 cup laban+ 1 cup rice + grilled meat or chicken of fish +Dagoos (tomato sauce) + green salad (olive oil + lemon dressing)

Snack: 300ml Arabic coffee + 5 Dates

Dinner: 1 cup low fat yogurt + protein chips

Questions: (100 points)

1. What is the metabolic response to critical illness in human body? (10 point)

2. Write a PES statement according to his nutrition statues. (9 point)

3. Determine Mr. Fahad energy and protein requirements consider his stress and activity level. (Use BMR) (13 point)

4. Mr.Fahad can’t consume food while he is intubated, if you have 4 options of nutritional formulas, which one you would use and why? (10 point)
   1. Nutrition dense like Jevity (energy 1.5 Kcal/ml- protein 15g/235ml)
   2. Standard like Ensure (energy 1 Kcal/ml – protein 9g/220ml)
   3. Immune enhancing like Impact (energy 1 Kcal/ml- protein 14 g/250ml)
   4. Diabetes formula like Glucerna (energy 1 Kcal/ml- 9.9g/237ml)

5. How many cans (250ml) you will give Fahad in the nasogastric tube in 24h? (6 point)

6. What is the flow rate you will set the electronic pump on, in the first 48hr after surgery? (6 points)

7. Mr.fahad is intubated after surgery, what are the signs you have monitor to check his gastrointestinal tolerance. If you suspect a low tolerance how would you check it in the ICU? (10 points)

8. Mr. Fahad is not diabatic, what is the reason for the high blood glucose level? (10 points)

9. Radiation therapy is prescribed to Mr. Fahad, it known by its gastrointestinal side effects, list the effect and chose two side effect and write how to minimize it effect on him. (12 point)

10. If Mr.Fahad faced problem in breathing after the surgery and he is connected to ventilator, and his maximum temperature was 38.3C and his ventilation recorded is 10L/min. calculate Mr.Fahad energy needs by using penne state equation. (6 point)

11. In the recent year’s formula companies added omega-3 fatty acids, arginine, glutamine and antioxidants to the formula to promote healing after surgery. discuss what are the benefits? (8 point)

Employee Attitudes and Turnover Are Issues at Yahoo!

Marissa Mayer, former vice president of Google Product Search, left the company to become CEO of Yahoo! in October 2012. At that time, Yahoo’s stock was selling for $15.74. In January 2016, it was selling for $29.77, after reaching a high of $52.28 in 2014. Investors were not happy with the drop in revenue—and market share—from 2014 to 2016. Some felt the company’s strategies were lacking and that new leadership was needed. Hedge fund investor Starboard Value LP demanded that the board fire Mayer.⁸¹

Let’s take a more detailed look at what happened at Yahoo!

According to a Dow Jones reporter, “Yahoo’s expenses have risen while revenue has declined in the three-and-a-half years since Mayer took the reins. In the first nine months of 2015, operating expenses totaled $3.9 billion, up 20 percent from the same period in 2014. During that same time, revenue excluding commissions paid to search partners dropped 4 percent to $3.09 billion.” Yahoo! also has been cutting costs via layoffs. The head count in 2016 was 10,700, down from a peak of 14,000 before Mayer arrived.⁸²

It is estimated that 33 percent of the workforce left the company in 2015. A CNBC reporter noted that Mayer’s concern about brain drain led her to approve “hefty retention packages—in some cases, millions of dollars—to persuade people to reject job offers from other companies. But those bonuses have had the side effects of creating resentment among other Yahoo! employees who have stayed loyal and not sought jobs elsewhere.”⁸³

Even more troubling is the manner in which some of these layoffs were executed. In 2014, “managers called in a handful of employees each week and fired them,” recalled one reporter. “No one knew who would be next, and the constant fear paralyzed the company, according to people who watched the process.” In March 2015, the situation got worse. “Mayer told the staff at an all-hands meeting that the bloodletting was finally over. Shortly thereafter, she changed her mind and demanded more cuts.”⁸⁴

In January 2016, Mayer jokingly told employees at a company meeting that “there are going to be no layoffs ‘this week.’” Insiders say these types of comments are eroding employee morale and leading to the exodus of key employees.⁸⁵

Key human resource decisions and policies likely contributed to poor employee work attitudes and turnover. The first was the company’s decision that employees could no longer telecommute. The head of human resources at the time, Jackie Reses, said, “We need to be one Yahoo!, and that starts with physically being together.” She defended the decision by stating, “Some of the best decisions and insights come from hallway and cafeteria discussion, meeting new people, and impromptu team meetings.” Reses believed that telecommuting hurt the company. “Speed and quality are often sacrificed when we work from home,” she said.⁸⁶ But the decision also created bad press for the company.

A reporter noted, “The new rule didn’t just frustrate Yahoo employees who were directly affected, it also set off a fair amount of debate and criticism on Twitter from entrepreneurs, tech company employees and journalists who cover the industry.”⁸⁷ This in turn likely created a negative impact on Yahoo!’s ability to recruit highly talented employees.

The second human resource decision was Mayer’s implementation of the quarterly performance review (QPR) system. This process allegedly led to the firings of more than 600 people in 2013. The system works by first having managers rank their employees into five categories, each with a quota: greatly exceeds expectations (10 percent of employees), exceeds (25 percent), achieves (50 percent), occasionally misses (10 percent), and misses (5 percent). Two “misses” ratings in recent quarters can result in termination. Many managers see this system as a forced curve, though Mayer contends the rankings instead serve as guidelines.

Anonymous postings on an internal message board suggested that managers did not agree with Mayer. Here is what one manager had to say:

“I was forced to give an employee an occasionally misses, [and] was very uncomfortable with it. Now I have to have a discussion about it when I have my QPR meetings. I feel so uncomfortable because in order to meet the bell curve, I have to tell the employee that they missed when I truly don’t believe it to be the case. I understand we want to weed out mis-hires/people not meeting their goals, but this practice is concerning. I don’t want to lose the person mentally. How do we justify?”⁸⁸

Other employees felt the system was vulnerable to human bias and was not fairly applied across levels of management. One commented:

“Will the ‘occasionally misses’ classification apply to L2 and L3 execs also? At every goals meeting, we find Page 76senior staff who missed even the 70 percent goals. Thus, by definition, they should be classified as ‘occasionally misses.’ Two such classifications, and that person should be let go, amiright? How about we set an example for the rest of the company and can a few of the top execs who miss (or who sandbag their goals to make sure they ‘meet’)?”⁸⁹

Employees have become even more fearful of the process given the number of layoffs.

Sadly, employee morale does not appear to be improving. Surveys conducted by Glassdoor revealed that “only 34 percent of Yahoo!’s current employees foresee the company’s fortunes improving. That compares to 61 percent at tanking, scandal-struck Twitter and 77 percent at Google.”⁹⁰

Another issue that may be causing feelings of inequity involves Mayer’s compensation package. “Executive pay at Yahoo! is essentially based on Alibaba’s stock price,” which is outside her control: Yahoo! has a 15 percent stake in Chinese web giant Alibaba, valued at $25.7 billion. “Of Mayer’s $365 million pay over five years, only 3.3 percent will actually be affected by her performance.”⁹¹ This policy goes against the common managerial practice of paying people for their performance.

So where does this leave Mayer and Yahoo! as a whole? Broadly speaking, threats of layoffs continue. The company, which lost $4.4 billion in the last quarter of 2015, announced it would lay off 15 percent of its workforce in 2016.⁹² Under pressure from investors such as Starboard Value LP, Yahoo sold its core business to Verizon Communications Inc. for $4.83 billion in 2016. The sale included Yahoo’s e-mail business, websites dedicated to news, finance, and sports; advertising tools; real estate; and some patents. It does not include “Yahoo’s cash or its shares in Alibaba Group and Yahoo Japan. After the deal closes, these assets will become a publicly traded investment company with a new name.”⁹³

APPY THE 3-STEP PROBLEM-SOLVING APPROACH TO OB

Step 1: Define the problem.

Step 2: Identify causes of the problem

Step 3: Make recommendations for solving the problem. Consider whether you want to resolve it, solve it, or dissolve it, Which recommendation is desirable and feasible?

The Problem

Facebook has long conducted digital experiments on various aspects of its website. For example, just before the 2012 election, the company conducted an experiment on the News Feeds of nearly 2 million users so that they would see more “hard news” shared by their friends. In the experiment, news articles that Facebook users' friends had posted appeared higher in their News feeds. Facebook claimed that the news stories being shared were general in nature and not political. The stories originated from a list of 100 top media outlets from the New York Times to Fox News. Industry analysts claim that the change may have boosted voter turnout by as much as 3 percent.

Next, Facebook decided to conduct a different kind of experiment that analyzed human emotions. The social network has observed that people's friends often produce more News Feed content than they can read. As a result, Facebook filters that content with algorithms to show users the most relevant and engaging content. For one week in 2012, Facebook changed the algorithms it uses to determine which status updates appeared in the News Feed of 689,000 randomly selected users (about 1 of every 2,500 Facebook users). In this experiment, the algorithm filtered content based on its emotional content. Specifically, it identified a post as “positive” or “negative” if it used at least one word previously identified by Facebook as positive or negative. In essence, Facebook altered the regular news feeds of those users, showing one set of users happy, positive posts while displaying dreary, negative posts to another set.

Previous studies had found that the largely positive content that Facebook tends to feature has made users feel bitter and resentful. The rationale for this finding is that users become jealous over the success of other people, and they feel they are not “keeping up.” Those studies, therefore, predicted that reducing the positive content in users' feeds might actually make users less unhappy. Clearly, Facebook would want to determine what types of feeds will make users spend more time on its site rather than leave the site in disgust or despair. Consequently, Facebook designed its experiment to investigate the theory that seeing friends' positive content makes users sad.

The researchers—one from Facebook and two from academia—conducted two experiments, with a total of four groups of users. In the first experiment, they reduced the positive content of News Feeds; in the second experiment, they reduced the negative content. In both experiments, these treatment conditions were compared with control groups in which News Feeds were randomly filtered without regard to positive or negative content.

The results were interesting. When users received more positive content in their News Feed, a slightly larger percentage of words in their status updates were positive, and a smaller percentage were negative. When positivity was reduced, the opposite pattern occurred. The researchers concluded that the emotions expressed by friends, through online social networks, elicited similar emotions from users. Interestingly, the results of this experiment did not support the hypothesis that seeing friends' positive content made users sad.

Significantly, Facebook had not explicitly informed the participants that they were being studied. In fact, few users were aware of this fact until the study was published in a paper titled “Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks” in the prominent scientific journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. At that point, many people became upset that Facebook had secretly performed a digital experiment on its users. The only warning that Facebook had issued was buried in the social network's one-click user agreement. Facebook's Data Use Policy states that Facebook “may use the information we receive about you . . . for internal operations, including troubleshooting, data analysis, testing, research, and service improvement.” This policy led to charges that the experiment violated laws designed to protect human research subjects.

Some lawyers urged legal action against Facebook over its experiment. While acknowledging the potential benefits of digital research, they asserted that online research such as the Facebook experiment should be held to some of the same standards required of government-sponsored clinical trials. What makes the Facebook experiment unethical, in their opinion, was that the company did not explicitly seek subjects' approval at the time of the study.

Some industry analysts challenged this contention, arguing that clinical research requirements should not be imposed on Facebook. They placed Facebook's experiment in the context of manipulative advertising—on the web and elsewhere—and news outlets that select stories and write headlines in a way that is designed to exploit emotional responses by their readers.

On July 3, 2014, the privacy group Electronic Privacy Information Center filed a formal complaint with the Federal Trade Commission claiming that Facebook had broken the law when it conducted the experiment without the participants' knowledge or consent. EPIC alleged that Facebook had deceived its users by secretly conducting a psychological experiment on their emotions.

Facebook's Response

Facebook Chief Operating Officer Sheryl Sandberg defended the experiment on the grounds that it was a part of ongoing research that companies perform to test different products. She conceded, however, that the experiment had been poorly communicated, and she formally apologized. The lead author of the Facebook experiment also stated, “I can understand why some people have concerns about it (the study), and my co-authors and I are very sorry for the way the (academic) paper described the research and any anxiety it caused.”

For its part, Facebook conceded that the experiment should have been “done differently,” and it announced a new set of guidelines for how the social network will approach future research studies. Specifically, research that relates to content that “may be considered deeply personal” will go through an enhanced review process before it can begin.

The Results

At Facebook, the experiments continue. In May 2015, the social network launched an experiment called Instant Articles in partnership with nine major international newspapers. This new feature allowed Facebook to host articles from various news publications directly on its platform, an option that the social network claims will generate a richer multimedia experience and faster page-loading times.

The following month Facebook began experimenting with its Trending sidebar, which groups news and hashtags into five categories among which users can toggle: all news, politics, science and technology, sports, and entertainment. Facebook maintained that the objective is to help users discover which topics they may be interested in. This experiment could be part of Facebook's new effort to become a one-stop news distributor, an approach that would encourage users to remain on the site for as long as possible.

A 2016 report asserts that Facebook's list of top trending topics is not quite objective. For example, one source stated that Facebook's news curators routinely excluded trending stories from conservative media sites from the trending section. Facebook strongly denied the claim.

Questions

1. Discuss the ethicality and legality of Facebook's experiment with human emotions.
2. Was Facebook's response to criticism concerning that experiment adequate? Why or why not?
3. Consider the experiments that Facebook conducted in May and June 2015. Is there a difference between these two experiments and Facebook's experiment with human emotions? Why or why not?
4. Should the law require companies to inform their users every time they conduct experiments? Why or why not?

1. The presence of protein in the urine indicates which of the following?

Select one:

A. damage to the renal tubules

B. damage to the filtration membrane

C. too much protein in the diet

D. high levels of transcription and translation by the bodies tissues

Question 2

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

Select one:

True

False

Question 3

The path urine takes after it is formed until it leaves the body is the urethra, urinary bladder, and finally the ureter.

Select one:

True

False

Question 4

Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body?

Select one:

A. ADH

B. glucocorticoids

C. aldosterone

D. water levels

Question 5

If the GFR is too low, needed substances may pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are not absorbed and instead are lost in the urine.

Select one:

True

False

Question 6

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

Select one:

True

False

Question 7

An important physical characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is ________.

Select one:

A. slightly higher than water

B. less than water

C. the same as water

D. much higher than water

Question 8

What is the best explanation for the microvilli on the apical surface of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?

Select one:

A. Their movements propel the filtrate through the tubules.

B. They increase the amount of surface area that comes in contact with the blood's plasma to help actively excrete toxins.

C. They hold on to enzymes that cleanse the filtrate before reabsorption.

D. They increase the surface area and allow for a greater volume of filtrate components to be reabsorbed.

Question 10

Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?

Select one:

A. the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone

B. the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs

C. surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

D. the smooth muscles of the lung

Question 11

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

Select one:

A. air (gases) flows into lungs

B. thoracic cavity volume decreases

C. intrapulmonary pressure drops

D. diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

Question 12

Which of the following anchor(s) the vocal folds?

Select one:

A. arytenoid cartilages

B. cricoid cartilage

C. corniculate cartilages

D. cuneiform cartilages

Question 13

Which of the following is INCORRECT?

Select one:

A. Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance.

B. Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow.

C. Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

D. The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.

Question 14

Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder?

Select one:

A. restrictive disease

B. asthma

C. emphysema

D. obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 15

Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest?

Select one:

A. exposure to asbestos

B. obstructive pulmonary disease

C. restrictive disease

Q no 27.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the large intestine?

Select one:

A. It does not contain villi.

B. It has pocket-like sacs called haustra.

C. It is longer than the small intestine.

D. It exhibits external muscular bands called teniae coli.

Question 30

The term metabolism is best defined as ________.

Select one:

A. the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day

B. the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats

C. a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories

D. the sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

Q NO 32.

Which of the following is the best illustration of the difference between metabolism and digestion?

Select one:

A. Digestions must happen first for metabolism to follow it.

B. Digestion has a wide variety of chemical reactions while metabolism is restricted to only a few reaction types.

C. Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions preformed within the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the GI tract.

D. Digestion requires enzymes for it to take place while metabolism does not necessarily need or use them.

Question 33

Except for lactose and some glycogen, the carbohydrates we ingest are mainly from animals.

Select one:

True

False

Question 34

Pepsinogen is the precursor to the gastric enzyme for protein digestion and is secreted by the parietal cells.

Select one:

True

False

Question 35

The longest portion of the small intestine is the Answer.

Question 36

Paneth cells ________.

Select one:

A. secrete hormones

B. secrete digestive enzymes

C. secrete bicarbonate ions

D. secrete enzymes that kill bacteria

Question 37

The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur?

Select one:

A. Increased production of trypsinogen.

B. Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum.

C. This type of food would cause secretion of gastrin to cease, resulting in faster gastric emptying.

D. The acid secretions from the stomach would be sufficient to digest this food but may cause heartburn.

Case 8

Hemoglobin, the Oxygen Carrier   

Focus concept

            A mutation in the gene for hemoglobin results in an altered protein responsible for the disease sickle cell anemia. An understanding of the biochemistry of the disease may suggest possible treatments.

Prerequisite

Hemoglobin structure and function concepts.

Background

            Normal adult hemoglobin is called Hemoglobin A (Hb A). Ninety-eight percent of adult hemoglobin is Hb A and 2% is Hb A₂. There are other forms of hemoglobin. For example, the developing fetus has a different kind of hemoglobin than most normal adults. Fetal hemoglobin (or Hemoglobin F) consists of two α chains and two γ chains, whereas adult hemoglobin (Hemoglobin A) consists of two α chains and two β chains. Fetal hemoglobin is synthesized beginning at the third month of gestation and continues up through birth. After the neonate is born, hemoglobin F synthesis declines (because synthesis of the γ chain declines) and hemoglobin A is synthesized (because synthesis of β chains begins). By the time the baby is six months old, 98% of its hemoglobin is Hemoglobin A.

            There is also a mutant form of hemoglobin called Hemoglobin S which is found in persons with the disease sickle cell anemia. The disease sickle cell anemia is one of the major health problems facing the African-American community. The World Health Organization estimates that 250,000 babies world- wide are born with sickle cell anemia. Currently there is no cure. A person afflicted with sickle cell anemia has inherited a defective gene from each parent. (Parents who are carriers of the sickle cell gene are heterozygous AS, whereas the person afflicted with sickle cell anemia is SS; non-carriers are designated AA.) The defective gene is the one coding for the β-chain. The amino acid at position 6 on each β chain has been mutated from a glutamate to a valine. Normal α chains have a decreased affinity for the mutated β chains; thus assembly of the HbS tetramer is more difficult. Red blood cells containing HbS form a sickle shape because the Hb S molecules polymerize. Hb S molecules are more likely to polymerize when in the deoxygenated T form than in the oxygenated R form. The polymerized Hb deforms the normal discoid shape of the red blood cells, producing a sickle-shaped cell. The sickle shaped red blood cells become trapped in capillaries and organs, depriving the victim of adequate oxygen supply and causing chronic pain and organ damage.

            In this case we will consider our patient, a 10-year-old black male child named Michael B., who was admitted to the hospital because he was experiencing severe chest pain. He had been hospitalized on several previous occasions for vaso-occlusive episodes that caused him to experience severe pain that could not be managed with non-prescription drugs such as ibuprofen. He was slightly jaundiced, short of breath and easily tired, and feverish. A chest x-ray was taken and was abnormal. An arterial blood sample showed a p_O2 value of 6 kPa (normal is 10-13 kPa).

Questions

You suspect that Michael has sickle cell anemia and you have ordered an isoelectric focusing analysis of the child‟s lysed red blood cells. (Lysing the red blood cells releases the hemoglobin.) Draw a diagram of the predicted results. Why will this test allow you to diagnose this child‟s disease?

Why do you think that Hb S molecules would be likely to clump together whereas Hb A molecules do not?

In the emergency room, oxygen (100%) was administered to the patient. (Inspired air normally is about 20% oxygen.) Why was this an effective treatment?

You recall reading in the medical literature about a dramatic new drug treatment for sickle cell anemia, and you‟d like to try it on this patient. The drug is hydroxyurea, and is thought to function by stimulating the afflicted person‟s synthesis of fetal hemoglobin. Exactly how hydroxyurea stimulated fetal hemoglobin synthesis is unclear, but it is believed that hydroxyurea is metabolized to NO, which binds to a soluble guanylate cyclase enzyme which then catalyzes the synthesis of a second messenger, cyclic GMP (cGMP). The cGMP interacts with transcription factors in a manner that is not completely understood to induce the transcription (and then translation) of the fetal hemoglobin gene.

In a clinical study, patients who took hydroxyurea showed a 50% reduction in frequency of hospital admissions for severe pain, and there was also a decrease in the frequency of fever and abnormal chest x-rays. Why would increasing the synthesis of fetal hemoglobin result in alleviating the symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

Medical practioners who used hydroxyurea as a treatment for sickle cell anemia noted that their patients seemed to benefit from the administration of the drug long before the synthesis of fetal hemoglobin had time to take effect. It has recently been determined that hydroxyurea can react directly with the iron ion of oxy- and deoxyHb to form iron nitrosyl hemoglobin (HbNO). Why would this be of benefit to the sickle-cell anemic patient?

And finally, hydroxyurea has been shown to produce NO directly, in less than an hour after hydroxyurea administration. It‟s also possible that HbNO could produce NO, either directly or indirectly. NO is an important second messenger which, even in nanomolar amounts, stimulates vasodilation. How could NO production help the sickle-cell anemic patient?

A year ago, at a conference, one of your colleagues told you that she had “cured” a patient of sickle cell anemia by performing a bone marrow transplant. Why would this procedure “cure” sickle cell anemia?

The patient‟s parents tell you that they are planning on having another child and that they are confident that subsequent children will not have sickle cell anemia, since they already have a child with the disease. What will you tell them?

References

Glew, R. H., and Ninomiya, Y. (1997) Clinical Studies in Medical Biochemistry, Oxford University Press, pp. 78-90.

Glover, R. E., Ivy, E. D., Orringer, E. P., Maeda, H., and Mason, R. (1999) Molecular Pharmacology 55, pp. 1006-1010.

Huang, J., Hadimani, S. B., Rupon, J. W., Ballas, S. K., Kim-Shapiro, D. B., and S. Bruce King (2002) Biochemistry 41, pp. 2466-2474.

S. Bruce King (2003) J.Clin. Invest., 111, pp. 171-172.