After completing your degree you are hired by a world-leading drug company that has developed a new drug called EX-factor that enhances basal (resting) levels of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. EX-factor has undergone extensive safety testing and there are no reported side effects. It has been shown to “boost” the amount of fatty acids that are completely oxidized in skeletal muscle by ~30% at rest and is therefore being touted as “exercise in a pill”. The company has hired you, an expert in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology and exercise science, to advise on the outcome measures they should use in the first placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial testing EX-factor in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Answer the following questions related to EX-Factor and this proposed trial.

a) If Ex-Factor works by activating an enzyme, what enzyme do you think EX-Factor might be activating to increase basal fatty acid oxidation? Choose only one enzyme in your answer.

b)If Ex-Factor works by increasing an intracellular metabolite or molecule, what metabolite/molecule do you think it might be increasing to increase basal fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria? Choose only one metabolite/molecule.

c) If Ex-Factor works by increasing a hormone in the blood, what hormone do you think might be increasing to enhance basal fatty acid oxidation? Choose only one hormone or category of hormone.

d) If Ex-Factor works by reducing a hormone in the blood, what hormone do you think might be reducing to enhance basal fatty acid oxidation? Choose only one hormone or category of hormone.

A certain brand of microwave oven was priced at  stores in Dallas and  stores in San Antonio. The data follow. Use  level of significance and test whether prices for the microwave oven are the same in the two cities.

What is the mean and standard deviation of the normal distribution that can be used for this statistical test?

What is the sum of the ranks for Dallas?

What is the value of the test statistic?

What is the -value for the hypothesis test (to 4 decimals)?

difference between the sample means is (2 decimals)

In glycolysis, the physical splitting of the energy-rich molecule occurs in what step, also what are the net products of glycolysis for one molecule of glucose?

What happens during the Intermediate Step of cellular respiration?

“Rate enhancement” of a chemical reaction by an enzyme compares which of the following values?

a. kforward vs. kreverse

b. k without enzyme and kcat with enzyme

c. kcat/KM without enzyme and kcat/KM with enzyme

d. Vmax without enzyme and Km with enzyme

e. kcat with enzyme and kdiffusion

Which pathway reduces the most NAD+?

1. Glycolysis

2. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

3. Both Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex & Glycolysis are the same as each other but greater than fermentation

4. Fermentation

1 a. What is meant by “energy charge” of a cell?

b. Describe two conditions that would indicate a low cell energy charge?

c. What effect does a low energy charge have on cellular metabolism? Explain.

d. How many ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of pyruvate?

2. Glucose and fructose are both carbohydrates. Discuss the similarities and differences between them. What is their isomeric relationship? What type of ring structures does each tend to form? What is sucrose? How does sucrose differ from lactose? Include structures where necessary.

3. Glycolysis is a series of reactions that converts one molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules of ATP. The ∆G^0’ for the set of reactions is -35.6 kJ/mol (-8.5 kcal/mol) whereas the ∆G is -76.6 kJ/mol (-18.3 kcal/mol). Explain why the free energy release differs under actual cellular conditions as compared to standard conditions.

4. a. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (the complex) catalyzes which reaction? Show the substrates and products. b.Name the coenzymes required and explain the function of each one. c.List one positive and one negative allosteric modulator. d.Where in the cell does this reaction take place

5. a. NAD⁺ participates in three steps of the citric acid cycle. Show the reactions and the enzymes involved in each step. b.In which reaction is FAD generated (include the enzyme)?

6. Name the citric acid cycle enzymes that are subject to allosteric modulation.               Name one positive and one negative allosteric modulator for each enzyme.

A neuron can use glucose created from a non-carbohydrate source.  This reaction is termed:

1. glycogenolysis  b) glycogenesis  c) photosynthesis  d) glycolysis  e) none of the above

Which of the following statements is (are) true about epithelial tissue?

      a)  epithelial cells secrete collagen    b)  epithelial tissue functions in absorption

      c)  epithelial tissue has each of the 4 tissue types     d)  epithelial cells are always ciliated

      e)  two of the above are true

Which of the following require “active” transport processes?

1. movement of glucose from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
2. osmosis    c)  simple diffusion       d) a and b         e)  none of the above

A bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called a _________ and a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system is called a ______________

        a) tract; nerve   b) nerve; tract  c) ganglia; nucleus  d) nucleus, ganglia  e) ganglia; nerve

Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?

            a) non competitive inhibitor       b) water   c) another enzyme    d) substrate   e) pro

In the para sympathetic nervous system, the ganglia containing the post ganglionic somas are located ____________.

      a) adjacent to the spinal cord   b) in the CNS   c) near or on the effector organ

      d) in the spino-cerebellar tract     e) none of the above

When Robin kicks a soccer ball, her leg makes contact with the ball by _______ of the knee.  This is an example of a/an __________ contraction of the quadriceps.

       a)  flexion; concentric         b)  flexion; eccentric      c)  extension; eccentric

       d) extension; concentric      e)  flexion; isometric     

The amino acid sequence of human adrenocorticotropin, a polypeptide hormone, is: Ser-Tyr-Ser-Met-Glu-His-Glu-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-Gly-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-Pro-Val-Lys-Val-Tyr-Pro-Asp-Ala-Gly-Glu-Asp-Gln-Ser-Ala-Glu-Ala-Glu-Pro-Leu-Glu-Phe a)What is the approximate net charge of this molecule at pH 3? ph 7? ph 9? Assume that the pKs of the terminal -NH3+ and -COOH groups are 7.8 and 3.6, respectively.