1. In addition to energy needs, cancer cells also need metabolic intermediates for biosynthesis. Explain how increased reliance on glycolysis would be beneficial in this respect.
2. Glycolysis offers a growth advantage to cancers growing under hypoxic conditions. Why might this be the case? (Hint: what is the product of anaerobic glycolysis?)
3. A decrease in oxidative phosphorylation also leads to a decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Why might this be an advantage for cancer cells?

Steps 8 and 9 of glycolysis produce no reduced electron carriers or ATP in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate into phosphoenolpyruvate. What is the importance of these steps for the ability of glycolysis to produce more energy from glucose?

1. Enzymes lower activation energy which allows a reaction to occur at a faster rate. Why is it important, in terms of functionality, for enzymes to lower this activation energy? What happens when the physical environment in which the enzyme exists within is altered?

2.From a human perspective, cellular respiration is of an absolute importance in terms of how our bodies converts energy stored in glucose into ATP which our cells can use efficiently. What happens (to humans) when this process is not efficient and no longer functions within cells?

After completing your degree you are hired by a world-leading drug company that has developed a new drug called EX-factor that enhances basal (resting) levels of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle. EX-factor has undergone extensive safety testing and there are no reported side effects. It has been shown to “boost” the amount of fatty acids that are completely oxidized in skeletal muscle by ~30% at rest and is therefore being touted as “exercise in a pill”. The company has hired you, an expert in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology and exercise science, to advise on the outcome measures they should use in the first placebo-controlled randomized controlled trial testing EX-factor in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Answer the following questions related to EX-Factor and this proposed trial.

a) If Ex-Factor works by activating an enzyme, what enzyme do you think EX-Factor might be activating to increase basal fatty acid oxidation? Choose only one enzyme in your answer.

b)If Ex-Factor works by increasing an intracellular metabolite or molecule, what metabolite/molecule do you think it might be increasing to increase basal fatty acid oxidation in mitochondria? Choose only one metabolite/molecule.

c) If Ex-Factor works by increasing a hormone in the blood, what hormone do you think might be increasing to enhance basal fatty acid oxidation? Choose only one hormone or category of hormone.

d) If Ex-Factor works by reducing a hormone in the blood, what hormone do you think might be reducing to enhance basal fatty acid oxidation? Choose only one hormone or category of hormone.

A certain brand of microwave oven was priced at  stores in Dallas and  stores in San Antonio. The data follow. Use  level of significance and test whether prices for the microwave oven are the same in the two cities.

What is the mean and standard deviation of the normal distribution that can be used for this statistical test?

What is the sum of the ranks for Dallas?

What is the value of the test statistic?

What is the -value for the hypothesis test (to 4 decimals)?

difference between the sample means is (2 decimals)

In glycolysis, the physical splitting of the energy-rich molecule occurs in what step, also what are the net products of glycolysis for one molecule of glucose?

What happens during the Intermediate Step of cellular respiration?

“Rate enhancement” of a chemical reaction by an enzyme compares which of the following values?

a. kforward vs. kreverse

b. k without enzyme and kcat with enzyme

c. kcat/KM without enzyme and kcat/KM with enzyme

d. Vmax without enzyme and Km with enzyme

e. kcat with enzyme and kdiffusion

Which pathway reduces the most NAD+?

1. Glycolysis

2. Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

3. Both Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex & Glycolysis are the same as each other but greater than fermentation

4. Fermentation