1. Describe each of the techniques listed below in the following areas: 1) sample analysis, 2) viral detection, and 3) diagnosis.

- Direct Examination of Specimen

                        a. Electron and Light Microscopy

                        b. Antigen detection immunofluorescence, ELISA, etc.

c. Molecular techniques for the direct detection of viral genomes      

Experiment: Extraction to seperate benzoic acid and naphthalene.

Procedure-

Place 2 g of a 1:1 (by weight) mixture of benzoic acid and naphthalene in a small beaker; record the exact mass of the mixture in your notebook. Add 35 mL of dichloromethane to the beaker and stir until the solid mixture has completely dissolved. Carefully pour the solution into a separatory funnel.

Add 20 mL of 3.0 M NaOH to the separatory funnel, stopper it, and shake the mixture with frequent venting. When the layers have separated, drain the bottom portion into a clean flask. Pour the aqueous layer into another clean flask labeled “aqueous layer.” Pour the organic layer back into the separatory funnel and extract with a second portion of 3.0 M NaOH. Drain the bottom layer into a clean flask labeled “organic layer” and pour the aqueous layer into the “aqueous layer” flask.

Put the organic layer back into the separatory funnel and shake with 20 mL of saturated NaCl solution. Drain the organic layer into a clean, dry flask and add a small amount of anhydrous calcium chloride to dry the solution. Allow this solution to stand for at least ten minutes, with occasional swirling, then remove the drying agent by gravity filtration; place the filtrate in a round-bottom flask and remove the solvent by simple distillation or by using the rotovap. Once the dichloromethane has been removed, scrape the crystals out of the round-bottom flask into a clean, labeled, tared vial, and determine the weight and melting point of the naphthalene crystals.

Acidify the combined aqueous layers with 6.0 M HCl until the solution tests acidic to litmus paper. A white precipitate of benzoic acid should develop as the solution is neutralized. Chill the solution in an ice bath for at least ten minutes to finish precipitating the solids, then collect the benzoic acid by vacuum filtration. Wash the crystals with a small amount of cold water; then scrape the crystals into a clean, labeled, tared vial and allow to dry. Once the crystals are dry, determine their weight and melting point.

Post-Lab Question:

Write a balanced equation (using structures) for the reaction that takes place when the aqueous layer is acidified with HCl. Why does the precipitate form when the solution is neutralized? (HINT: benzoic acid (slightly soluble in water) and sodium benzoate (soluble in water)

(1 point) Let ?1 and ?2 have Poisson distributions with the same average rate λ = 0.6 on independent time intervals of length 1 and 3 respectively. Find Prob(?1+?2=3) to at least 6 decimal places.

Two charged objects 1 and 2 are held at a distance r apart. Object 1 has mass m and charge +3q, and object 2 has mass 2m and charge +q. The objects are released from rest. Assume that the only force exerted on either object is the electric force exerted by the other object.

Part B

When the objects are at a distance 4r apart, what is the speed of object 1?

Part C

When the objects are at a distance 4r apart, what is the speed of object 2?

Part D

When the objects are very far apart, what is the speed of object 1?

Part E

When the objects are very far apart, what is the speed of object 2?

Consider the function. f(x) = x^2 − 1, x ≥ 1

(a) Find the inverse function of f.

f ^−1(x) =

(b) Graph f and f ^−1 on the same set of coordinate axes.

(c) Describe the relationship between the graphs. The graphs of f and f^−1 are reflections of each other across the line ____answer here___________.

(d) State the domain and range of f and f^−1. (Enter your answers using interval notation.)

Domain of f

Range of f

Domain of f ^−1

Range of f ^−1

1. Reaction 1 has a ΔG° of –12.3 kJ/mol, and Reaction 2 has a ΔG° of 23.4 kJ/mol. Which statement is TRUE of these two reactions?

Select one:

A. Reaction 1 occurs faster.

B. Reaction 2 occurs faster.

C. Both reactions occur at the same rate.

D. Reaction 2 will not occur.

E. It is impossible to know which reaction occurs faster with this information.

2. Fructose-1-phosphate can be hydrolyzed into fructose + inorganic phosphate (Pi) with a ΔG° of –16.0 kJ/mol. If ATP can be hydrolyzed into ADP + Pi with a ΔG° of –30.5 kJ/mol, what is the free energy change for the reaction of fructose + ATP → fructose 1-phospate + ADP?

Select one:

A. –14.5 kJ/mol

B. 46.5 kJ/mol

C. –1.4 Genetic Foundations5 kJ/mol

D. –46.5 kJ/mol

E. 14.5 kJ/mol

3.

The joining of two amino acids via a peptide bond (the process of protein synthesis) has a positive ΔG value. What does this imply?

Select one:

A. Forming a peptide bond is spontaneous and does not need to be coupled to another reaction.

B. Forming a peptide bond is endergonic and must be coupled to another reaction.

C. Forming a peptide bond is exergonic and must be coupled to another reaction.

D. Forming a peptide bond increases the entropy of a system.

E. Forming a peptide bond is spontaneous and can sometimes be coupled to another reaction.

Company expects revenue of $1 million in year 1, $1.2 million in year 2, and amounts increasing by $200,000 per year thereafter. If the company’s MARR is 5% per year, what is the future worth of the revenue through the end of year 10?

1. compare law of independent assortment and law of segregation

2. (3 to 1 ratio) where does it come from? what is the parents genotype to get a 3 to 1 ratio?

3. what happens in deletion, duplication, inversion, and translocation?

4. if there's a mistake in the DNA and you want to fix it, what's the order of enzymes that need to be used in order to cut if off, repair it, seal it off?

what's the product of the following reactions

1. C6H5Br + CH3-Cl/ALCl3 ?

2. CH3CHO + 1) CH3-Mg-Br/ether 2) H3O