1. Haploid cells:

1. Are representative of all cells in body
2. Occur during mitosis
3. Occur during meiosis
4. Possess paired chromosomes

2. Disease hemophilia results from:

1. Dominant gene on X chromosome in males
2. Recessive gene on Y chromosome in males
3. Recessive gene on X chromosome in males
4. Dominant gene on Y chromosome

3. The human genome consists of:

1. DNA, most of which encodes for proteins
2. DNA, most of which does not encode for proteins
3. Proteins, which encodes DNA
4. RNA, most of which does not encode proteins

4. A gene is:

1. Sequence of DNA nucleotides coding for one protein
2. Sequence of amino acids
3. A chromosome
4. Sequence of RNA nucleotides coding for one protein

5. Genetics is study of:

1. Sperm & egg
2. Effect of environment on our health
3. Inheritance
4. DNA

6. In a human zygote, the 46 chromosomes:

1. All come from sperm cell
2. Half comes from DNA & half from RNA
3. Half comes from sperm cell and half from egg cell
4. All come from egg cell

7. The two types of chromosomes are:

1. Autosomes & allosomes
2. Sex chromosomes & allosomes
3. Sex chromosomes & autosomes
4. X & Y chromosomes

8. In an autosomal inheritance where dominant gene is expressed, all offspring will show dominant homozygous if:

1. Trait is sex-linked
2. Both parents are dominant homozygous
3. Both parents are dominant heterozygous
4. One of the parent is dominant heterozygous

9. In a sex-linked hemophilia disease due to a recessive gene, a mating of homozygous female non-hemophilia  with hemophilia male  will result in:

1. 100% females with hemophilia
2. 100% males will not be hemophilia
3. 50% males will be hemophilia
4. None of offspring will be hemophilia

10. An individual with same gene in an allele is said to be:

1. Heterozygous
2. Homozygous
3. Haploid
4. Hemizygous

Various experiments have shown that the SARS CoV-2 is an RNA virus that enter the human cells through a transmembrane receptor called angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genome sequencing have been cardinal in both diagnosis and research into the COVID-19 pandemic. Currently, DNA sequences of both SARS CoV-2 virus and susceptible human hosts are available. As a student of molecular biology and biotechnology, use the above information to answer the following questions.

6.
Given the genome sequences of both SARS CoV-2 virus and a susceptible human host, describe five (5) features that could be used to differentiate between the two genomes.

A membrane consists of 36.0 % protein by weight and 64.0 % phosphoglycerides by weight. The average molecular weight of the lipids is 890. Da, and the average molecular weight of the proteins is 55200 Da.

Calculate the molar ratio of lipid to protein.

(Enter your answer in number form. Fractional ratios will not be accepted.)

In Mediterranean countries, it is traditionally recommended to drink a glass of olive oil per day to stay healthy. Consider that olive oil is made of 100% of triglycerides. Among the fatty acids contained in these triglycerides, 70% are oleic acid (monounsaturated fatty acid with 18 carbons), 10% are linoleic acid (polyunsaturated fatty acid (2 unsaturations) with 18 carbons) and linolenic acid (polyunsaturated fatty acid (3 unsaturations) with 18 carbons), 10% are palmitic acid (saturated fatty acid with 16 carbons), and 10% are stearic acid (saturated fatty acid with 18 carbons).

B. Explain how these triglycerides are digested in the intestine. 

C. Explain how these lipids are distributed to peripheral tissues (explain in detail how these lipids are transported from the intestine to the peripheral tissues (or extra-hepatic tissues) : how they are transported in the bloodstream and how they are distributed to the peripheral tissues) 

D. Explain the different fates of these fatty acids in the post-prandial period in the following organs: a) skeletal muscles, b) adipose tissue and c) the brain. For each metabolic pathway involved, name the pathway, give the initial substrate(s) and the final product(s) and the ultimate goal of each pathway (please do not describe the whole pathway!). Then, describe the limiting step(s) of each pathway: give the substrate and the product of each limiting reaction and the name of the enzyme that catalyzes each limiting reaction. Finally, briefly explain how these pathways are regulated during the post-prandial period. (13.5 marks)

E. For each molecule of stearic acid entering a cell, theoretically, how many ATP could be produced through its complete beta-oxidation? Justify your answer. 

F. A child was born with a deficiency in β-ketoacyl-CoA transferase specifically in the brain. What do you think will be the consequences if the child is fasting for several days. First, explain in which pathway this enzyme is involved, describe the reaction catalyzed by this enzyme and then explain what will be the consequences of this deficiency. 

The paleo diet recommends a variety of high quality, complete proteins. True/False?

Sports nutrition experts recommend protein intake higher than the RDA for strength-training athletes. True/False?

Rinsing canned beans under cold, running water before using them in food preparation can reduce the sodium content of the beans by about 50%. True/False?

Consuming excess dietary protein is a good strategy to build muscle mass. True/False?

Two complementary proteins must be eaten in the same meal to provide adequate essential amino acids for protein synthesis. True/False?

Two proteins are similar in size but differ significantly in the number of acidic and basic amino acids. Which of the following techniques would be best suited to separating these two proteins? (2 pts)

A. SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography

B. Isoelectric focusing and dialysis

C. Immunoprecipitation and affinity chromatography

D. Isoelectric focusing and ion-exchange chromatography

E. None of the Above

*If possible please explain what molecules would corresond with each technique pairing in addition to what is the correct answer. My book does not explain the techniques very well and how they apply to molecule characteristics (size, charge, binding affinity, etc. )

A new species of microorganism is discovered in a barren desert habitat. Researchers find that the species does not require any from of water to exist. How would discovery of this species require modification of hypotheses about the origins of life on earth?

a. The idea of membrane-bound protobionts as the first cells would not necessarily be true any longer.

b. The presence of an electronic charge between water and lightning in Earth's early atmosphere would be modified.

c. Amino acids developing from the primordial soup of inorganic compounds would no longer be valid.

d. Hypotheses about life on Earth originating in early oceans would need to be revised.

Mrs. Anderson is being seen in the office to evaluate her general state of health. She is found to be malnourished and is suffering from lethargy and malaise. The provider suggests she should incorporate more protein in her diet, including some red meat, which has valuable amino acids and iron. The provider asks the medical assistant to provide Mrs. Anderson with a diet sheet listing certain meats and other foods high in protein. Mrs. Anderson tells the medical assistant she is a Seventh-Day Adventist and does not eat meat.

What should the medical assistant tell Mrs. Anderson about her dietary restrictions?

translation:

Genetic code; codon. How many codons are there? How many code for amino acids? What do the others do? What is the genetic code?

tRNA; anticodon; aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. What key role do aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases play in translation? Why is there more than one?

Ribosome structure. What are ribosomes made of? Where are they made? Why are there 3 tRNA binding sites?

Translation initiation complex

Why wouldn't a transcribed mRNA not be translated immediately?

Elongation & translocation in translation. In translocation, which parts move relative to one another, and which don’t?

Termination; release factor