Give a realistic and unique example of how equilibrium prices (p*) and equilibrium quantity (q*) are re-established after the puncturing of equilibrium (i.e., the demand and/or supply curve shift). Explain what would cause one or both of the curves to shift, if this would create a surplus or shortage, and the ensuing pressure to change this would have on prices and quantity purchased/sold as a result. Make sure to accurately discuss changes in quantity supplied or demanded vs. changes in supply or demand.  

Answer two thematic questions of the module: Are Markets Effective Tools and What Are Their Impacts? Use the economic concepts discussed in both Chapters 3 and 5 of the openstax microeconomic.

Eyelash Extension Company’s liabilities as reported on the June 30, 2017, balance sheet are shown below, along with its statement of changes in equity.

Eyelash Extension Company’s liabilities as reported on the June 30, 2017, balance sheet are shown below, along with its statement of changes in equity.

Jan is selling the business. A potential buyer has hired an accountant to review the accounting records and the following was discovered:

a. Eyelash Extension Company began selling a new product line this past year that offered a warranty to customers. It is expected that $49,700 of warranty work will result next year based on first-year sales. No entry was prepared on June 30 to show this.
b. Annual property taxes of $24,900 are due July 31, 2017; the income statement shows only one month of property expense resulting from an entry correctly recorded on July 31, 2016.
c. Interest on the notes payable is paid quarterly. No entry has been recorded since the last quarterly payment of $13,200 on May 1, 2017.
d. $17,900 of new office furniture was purchased on account and received on June 28. This transaction has not been recorded.
e. Unearned revenue of $22,700 has been included on the income statement.

Required:
Using the information provided, prepare a corrected statement of changes in equity and liabilities section of the balance sheet. (Round your intermediate calculations and final answers to the nearest whole dollar.)

Wellsley Containers currently uses a recycled plastic to make bottles for the food industry.

Current bottle production? information:

The cost and time standards per batch of 10,000 bottles are as ?follows:

1)Which of the following is (are) required for evolution?

A) highly stable genome

B) competition

C) heritable traits

2) The National Toxicology Program reported in 2016 that cell phone radiation increased brain tumor growth in male rats. Radiation can cause damage and mutations to DNA.

Suppose you wished to study this further. You mate these rats and find that the offspring have normal incidence of tumors. You would conclude that the tumors were most likely due to______ .

A) changes to the stomatic cells

B) changes to the gonadal cells

C) changes to the cells

If on the other hand, the offspring also had increased tumor growth, then you would conclude that the_______ .

A) changes occur in the stem cells

B)changes occur in the germ cells

C) tumor tissue was transferred to the offspring

Cell phones emit________ radiation when talking than on standby.

A) more

B) less

That would suggest that using a hands-free headset may be beneficial in preventing brain tumors. Ironically, if the phone is kept in the pocket during a call using a headset, then the genetic changes would be_________ .

A) less severe

B) prevented

C) more likely to pass to the next generation

3) Which of the following point mutations would have little or no effect on cellular function?

A) mutation from AUA to AUG

B) mutation in exon

C) mutation from CUC to AUU

D) mutation from UUA to UUG

E)mutation in regulatory region

4) Why does gene duplication promote evolution?

A)duplicated genes are under less selective pressure

B)duplicated genes are less likely to mutate

C)duplicated genes do not promote evolution

5) Urokinase and chymotrypsin (a digestive enzyme) have one domain in common with each other. This suggests that:

A) they are part of a gene family

B) they evolved through exon shuffling

6) Match the term with the best definition:

Terms:                                                             Definitions:

Exon shuffling                                                 A)allows bacteria to become antibiotic resistant

Point mutation                                                 B)often has a neutral effect

Horizontal transfer                                           C)involves errors in replication of chromosome ends

                                                                        D) can only occur in eukaryotes

7) What can you conclude about genetic differences and similarities between humans, chimpanzees, and E. coli?

Most conserved genes: a) human accelerated genes b) polymerase c) ribosomal RNAs

Fairly conserved genes: a) human accelerated genes b) polymerase c) ribosomal RNAs

Least conserved genes: a) human accelerated genes b) polymerase c) ribosomal RNAs

1. Imagine that the Canadian economy in 2016 could be described by the following demand determined model:

Consumption: C = a + bYd + θW

Investment: I = I0

Government Purchases: G = G0

Exports: X = X0

Imports: IM = mY

Tax Revenue: T = τ + tY
Where: a is autonomous consumption, b is the marginal propensity to consume out of disposable income, W is wealth, θ is the marginal propensity to consume out of wealth, m is the marginal propensity to import, τ are lump-sum taxes, and t is the tax rate.

(a) Algebraically solve for the equilibrium level of national income, the simple multiplier & draw a diagram of the equilibrium. Make sure to show all your steps, and label all important points on your graph. Total of 7 Marks (5 marks for algebra, 2 marks for graph)

(b) The real value of Canadian households’ principal residence increased three-fold from 1999-2016 and represented about 36% of household assets. Discuss (using the aid of a diagram) what would happen if housing prices fell in this economy. Total of 7 Marks (4 marks for explanation, 3 marks for graph)

For parts (c) and (d), imagine the Canadian economy is characterized by the following parameter values:
Consumption: C = 200 + .75Yd + 0.05W

Investment: I = 350

Government Purchases: G = 75

Exports: X = 125

Imports: IM = 0.2Y

Tax Revenue: T = 100 + 0.1Y

Wealth: W = 1000

The government wants to decrease equilibrium national income by $10 billion using taxation. This model allows two possible tax policies: i. Changes to lump-sum taxes (τ) ii. Changes to the tax-rate (t)

(c) If the government wanted to decrease national equilibrium by $10billion solely through changes to lump-sum taxes(τ), how should they alter their lump-sum taxes? Assume no other changes would take place. Complete answers should include both your calculations and a diagram illustrating what is happening. Total of 7 Marks (2 marks for graph, 5 marks for algebra/explanation)

(d) If the government wanted to decrease national equilibrium by $10billion solely through changes to the proportional tax rate(t), how should they alter their tax rate? Assume no other changes would take place. Complete answers should include both your calculations and a diagram illustrating what is happening. Total of 7 Marks (2 marks for graph, 5 marks for algebra/explanation)

From the following artical, prepare the answer for question no. 1

Bookkeeping educational qualifications have undergone an overhaul, following a review of existing Certificate IV qualifications.

The Department of Education and Training has announced a new Certificate IV in Accounting and Bookkeeping, superseding the Certificate IV in Bookkeeping and Certificate IV in Accounting.

The changes follow an extensive review by PwC Skills for Australia on behalf of the Financial Services Industry Reference Committee, endorsed by the Australian Industry and Skills Committee.

The bookkeeping industry has also been vocal on the state of education standards in recent times.

The new Certificate IV in Accounting and Bookkeeping removes duplication in the previous qualifications and now has eight core units and five elective units.

According to the review, several units of competency in the previous qualifications were identified as out of date, with skills gaps in understanding GST and processing payroll for bookkeeping.

In addition to the new Certificate IV, a new Diploma of Payroll Services has also been introduced, after the review found that existing payroll training was not sufficient for industry requirements.

“Despite payroll’s importance, only limited nationally recognised training is currently available. In addition, no nationally recognised payroll qualifications exist to provide learners with the suite of skills required for a payroll administrator or payroll manager,” the review stated.

Registered training organisations (RTOs) will be given 12 months to develop new resources to align training outcomes in line with the new requirements.

Institute of Certified Bookkeepers chief development officer, Rick Van Dyk, said the changes were welcomed and reflected the modernisation of the profession.

“The Certificate IV in place at the moment simply needed to be modernised and some of the learning outcomes of the current Cert IV needed to be reviewed so it would be more applicable to today’s requirements for a professional bookkeeper,” said Mr Van Dyk.

Having been involved in the consultation process, the ICB believes the new competency units, such as 'FNSACC416 Set up and operate a computerised accounting system' and 'BSBSMB412 Introduce cloud computing into business operations', will provide more contemporary training for bookkeepers.

"There is a unit of competency called ‘set up and operate a computerised accounting system’ – that was a core unit in the Cert IV of Accounting but was not a core for Cert IV in Bookkeeping, but that is very much a core function for bookkeeping,” said Mr Van Dyk.

“Also, in the previous Cert IV there was typically a couple of units where they would get their hands dirty in the software and that would be the payroll unit and the cash and accrual unit.

“Ninety per cent of the training organisations would use MYOB desktop software so the student goes through the whole Cert IV learning process using desktop software and not being educated on what are the options for the cloud,” he added.

“One of the skill sets a bookkeeper really needs is if they are dealing with a client who is using a desktop system, they have to do a business case on why that client is beneficial to switch to the cloud and in that unit it actually has what are the benefits to the business, what are the various options and costing.

“That unit is great because it develops their skill on creating awareness on what cloud solutions are out there, and talking to the business owner and developing a business case, and how to implement that.”

‘The only way is up’

The new chief executive of the Association of Accounting Technicians (AAT), Rochelle Park, was particularly pleased with the new Diploma of Payroll Services.

“If bookkeepers are wanting to expand, this certainly provides them with the confidence that they are recognised for their skills and knowledge,” Ms Park said.

“I think it’s also an indication of the continued maturity of our profession,” she added.

Ms Park noted the Fair Work Ombudsman has made it “very, very clear” that it won’t tolerate non-compliance with payroll obligations, and that inadequate education or ignorance is not a defence.

“Bookkeepers navigating the world of payroll services have never had this level of education available to them in a formalised format. It will very much help towards navigating a complex regulatory environment,” Ms Park said.

Question 1 - 9 marks (1,500 words)

The CEO has forwarded to you an interesting article and requires you to provide her with a deeper theoretical understanding of the issues discussed so that she can fully engage in the lively discourse at an upcoming conference.

You are required to find a newspaper article or web page report of an item of accounting news, i.e. it refers to a current event, consideration, comment or decision that has been published after the 1st of January 2018. Your article could also come from one of the professional journals. The article should not come from an academic journal. Academic journals generally do not contain news articles or articles of less than one page and are usually only published 2 or 4 times a year. If you are having a problem ensuring that your article is from an appropriate source contact your subject coordinator.

You then need to explain the article that you have found in your own words and clearly relate the concepts, ideas and facts within the article to one or more of the theories or topics that you have studied this session. Support your analysis of the assumptions and implications of the topic or theory as appropriate with reference to sources in APA 6 style. For example, this article from the Sydney Morning Herald in April 2016 could be linked to the topics of accounting regulation and measurement (and perhaps others). You must provide a copy of the article or web page, with details of the source, date and page number with your answer.

Cooperative Research Ethics Review Boards: A Win-Win Solution?

Enhancing public participation in research is one of the central challenges facing the clinical research enterprise in the United States, and one of its highest priorities.^[1] Public concern about the safety of participating in research is increasing, reflected in a rising tide of litigation, negative articles in the popular press, and other published commentaries.^[2] Part of this concern focuses on Research Ethics Review Boards (Research ERBs)the entities responsible for ethical review and oversight of human research. These bodies, referred to in federal regulations as Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), are overburdened and often characterized as inefficient and ineffective.^[3] The increasing number of multi-center studies is exacerbating current problems, as they often require duplicative reviews.^[4] Multiple submissions of a single protocol and its associated consent documents to several Research ERBs for review and alterations create redundancy without necessarily enhancing the protection of research subjects.^[5]

Many parties, including the Institute of Medicine (IOM), the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC), and the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), note that these duplicative reviews can actually detract from subject protections by diverting time and resources from more effective uses; they have suggested streamlining review through the use of alternative models.^[6] Collaborative approaches to ethical review that capture the best of both central and local processes could be more efficient, less costly and less demanding of limited resources, and also be more effective. They may allow for more timely data collection and analysis of adverse events, address the problem of institutional conflict of interest, and offer more options for unaffiliated investigators and patients with rare diseases.^[7]

Central review boards have taken on increasing importance in recent years. Reference to a "central IRB" does not necessarily mean that one Research ERB is always the IRB of record; use of the term "cooperative review" may more accurately reflect the emerging approaches discussed in this article. In a survey by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) of research deans at institutions using a Central IRB (defined as any noninstitutional board or cooperative arrangement), 53% agreed that its use shortened time to approval of research protocols. Eighty-four percent were pleased with the Central IRB review, and 77% indicated that they were able to maintain excellent local oversight of studies approved by a Central IRB.^[8] Notably, some highly respected academic institutions have turned to well-established commercial review boards after deficiencies in their local boards and processes resulted in significant enforcement actions by federal regulatory agencies. One of these private boards was among the first human research protection programs (HRPP) to receive full accreditation by the Association for Accreditation of Human Research Protection Programs (AAHRPP); the Partnership for Human Research Protection (PHRP) also has accredited independent review boards.

Many institutions are hesitant to use cooperative review mechanisms for a variety of reasons. According to the AAMC survey, those who have not used Central IRBs (76% of respondents) did not do so because of concerns about liability (73%), additional costs (60%), the absence of local representation (86%), and the inability to assess the quality of the services (56%). Federal regulations require that research review boards have "sensitivity to such issues as community attitudes,"^[9]and many institutions feel that local review is an essential component of ethical research; to what extent this view also reflects a desire to maintain institutional autonomy is unknown. Both the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have responded to the increasing number of multi-center trials by clarifying that existing regulations permit institutions to use joint review, rely on another qualified IRB, or make similar arrangements to avoid duplication of effort for cooperative research.^[10] OHRP and FDA also have issued further guidance that clarifies the implementation of such arrangements to ensure that the local context is taken into account.^[11]

Already, some academic organizations and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) are utilizing cooperative models to streamline the Research ERB review process. To explore the potential of these emerging ethical review mechanisms, the Clinical Research Roundtable of the IOM recently convened stakeholders in the clinical research enterprise to hear from those involved in these efforts.^[12] In this paper, we describe several models of cooperative review, many of which were presented at the meeting. These models include the Multicenter Academic Clinical Research Organization (MACRO), the Biomedical Research Alliance of New York (BRANY), independent Research ERBs, the NCI's Central IRB, and Regional Ethics Organizations (REOs). Many of these models are in the formative stages, and REOs, which are now utilized in the United Kingdom, do not exist in the U.S. at this time.^[13] Therefore, key evaluative data regarding existing central review mechanisms are not presently available; indeed, more data are needed to assess both traditional and cooperative review mechanisms and to more fully and scientifically compare these options. Our assessment is based upon the best available data about these efforts. Key issues about centralized review relate to perceived legal liability by cooperating academic institutions regarding the ability to fully reflect and address local concerns.

Australia is a great place to live, but it is also a land of high taxes. In 2002, individual citizens and residents of Australia paid the following income taxes:Taxable Income (in A%)Tax on This Income$0 -$6,000Nil.$6,001 -$20,00017ȼfor each $1 over $6,000$20,001 -$50,000$2,380 plus 30ȼfor each $1 over $20,000$50,001 -$60,000$11,380 plus 42ȼfor each $1 over $50,000Over $60,000$15,580 plus 47ȼfor each $1over $60,000In addition, a flat 1.5% Medicare Levy is charged to income. Write a program to calculate how much income tax a person will owe based on this information. The program should accept a total income figure from the user, and calculate the income tax, Medicare Levy, and total tax payable by the individual.Use total income $7000 and $70000 as examples, calculate the medicare levy, income tax, and total tax. Save the output in the word or pdf file.Requirements: 1.You must use an if-elseif-...-else-endconstruct.2.When the program is run the following should appear:This program calculates the taxes for Australia.Enter the person’s total income:(calling the input function)3.Output should be as follows:For an income of $#.## the taxes are:---------------------------------------Medicare Levy => $#.##Income Tax => $#.##---------------------------------------Total Tax => $#.##

1. In addition to U.S. corporations, what government groups compete for funds in the U.S. capital markets?

2. What foreign industry has privatization been most important in?

3. How does foreign investment help the U.S. government?

4. What is a key tax characteristic associated with state and local (municipal) securities?

5. What are three forms of corporate securities discussed in the chapter?

6. Do corporations rely more on external or internal funds as sources of financing?

INSTRUCTIONS: THE OWNER IS IVETTE MARTINEZ AND IS DEDICATED TO GIVING BUSINESS CONSULTATIONS. THE BUSINESS STARTED IN THE MONTH OF OCTOBER OF THE CURRENT YEAR.

1. ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING TRANSACTIONS IN THE TABLE OF THE SIMPLE EQUATION.

2. PREPARE THE TRANSACTIONS IN A JOURNAL.

3. TRANSFER THE TRANSACTIONS TO THE RELEVANT T ACCOUNTS.

4. PREPARE THE TRIAL BALANCE OF THE COMPANY CALLED FREE CONSULTATIONS.

TRANSACTIONS:

1. MARTINEZ INVESTED $60,000 IN HER COMPANY.

2. MADE A LOAN TO BANCO SANTANDER FOR $10,000.

3. PAID $150 FOR THE ELECTRICITY BILL OF THE COMPANY.

4. PAID $500 THE MONTH OF OCTOBER OF THE BANK LOAN

5. GAVE $2,500 FOR SERVICES ON ACCOUNT TO THE CLIENTE MARIA VEGA.

6. PURCHASED A COMPUTER FROM WALMART FOR THE TOTAL OF $2,500 ON ACCOUNT.

7. MARTINEZ WITHDREW $500 FOR PERSONAL USE.

8. RECEIVED $1,500 FOR SERVICES GIVEN.

9. PAID $100 FOR AN ADVERTISEMENT OF THE COMPANY.

10. RECEIVED $500 FROM MARIA VEGA AS A PAYMENT FOR HER ACCOUNT.

CHART OF ACCOUNTS

CASH 1001

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE 1002

OFFICE EQUIPMENT 1003

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE 2001

NOTES PAYABLE 2002

MARTINEZ CAPITAL 3001

MARTINEZ DRAWINGS 3002

SERVICE REVENUE 4001

UTILITIES EXPENSE 5001

ADVERTISING EXPENSE 5002