1 Placing a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution will cause it to __________.

a The plasma membrane separates the __________ from the __________.

b How many nucleotides are needed to code for an amino acid?

c Water crosses the plasma membrane primarily by means of __________.

d When a mutation occurs in a gene involved with cell growth or division, resulting in the uncontrolled growth of cells, this condition is called __________.

e The chromosomal structure that limits the number of cell divisions of a cell is the __________.

f Which of these cellular organelles is membranous?

The following sequence is a fragment from the normal version of the Social B gene of Solenopsis daguerrei ants. You may need to use the codon table provided.

DNA SocialB: 5’- ATG TCG GTA GCA TGT GTC TGC-3’

A transition mutation in the sequence results in a change in the 3^rd amino acid of the polypeptide chain: Alanine is produced. The DNA sequence with the mutation (the one used to name the SNP 5’ to 3’) is_______.

Options -

a. 5’- ATG TCG GCA GCA TGT GTC TGC-3’

b. 5’-CGT CTG TGT ACG ATG GCT GTA-3’

c. 3’- TAC AGC CAT CGT ACA CAG ACG-5’

d. 5’- AUG UCG GUA GCA UGU GUC UGC-3’

e. 5’-ATG TCG GTA GCA ATC GTC TGC-3’

6. a. If the oligopeptide AFVRWGTHLESKLVMSLDIHLRF were cleaved completely by reaction with trypsin and V8 protease and the products subjected to ESI TOF-MS in positive ion mode with the peptides in a pH 2 solution, which product will reach the detector last? Explain why.

2. If the Lys on the oligopeptide were to be acetylated on its side chain, would the last peptide to reach the detector be changed? Explain.
3. To determine the M_r of a purified protein, you subject it to ESI TOF-MS in positive ion mode with the protein in a pH 2 solution. The spectrum shows a series of peaks with the two most prominent neighboring peaks having m/z ratios of 648.78 and 659.52. What is the uncharged mass of the protein (i.e., M_r at its pI) in the 648.78 peak?
4. Is the charge on the protein in part c consistent with the protein having a typical basic amino acid composition? Justify your conclusion mathematically.

1. What is a peptide bond? 2. How does the primary structure of proteins differ from the secondary structure? A. Peptide Bonds A.1 Structure of glycylserine Structure of serylglycine A.2 Hydrolysis of serylglycine

Q.1 Why are heat and alcohol used to disinfect medical equipment?

Q.2 Why is milk given to someone who accidentally ingests a heavy metal ion such as silver or mercury?

Q.5 After working with HNO3, a student noticed that she had a yellow spot on her hand. What might be the reason?

Q.6 Which samples above give a negative biuret test? Why?

Q.7 What functional group gives a positive test in the xanthoproteic test?

Q.8 What tests could you use to determine whether an unlabeled test tube contained an amino acid or a protein?

You have discovered a new transmembrane protein that resides in the ER. The molecular weight of the protein is approximately 100 Kd and it contains a hydrophobic transmembrane domain in middle of the protein amino acid sequence. You want to determine whether the protein is a Type I or Type II transmembrane protein. For the experiment, you are given the following reagents: cDNA construct for the protein, a cell line, a centrifuge, SDS-page apparatus, reagents needed for Western blot analysis and an antibody made against the N-terminus of the protein. Basic biochemicals and enzymes routinely used in cell biology research labs are also available to you. Briefly outline your experimental strategy for determining the topology of the protein and show expected Western blot analysis results if the protein is 1) Type I transmembrane protein or 2) Type II transmembrane protein.

10.Which base pairing is incorrect for DNA replication (not protein synthesis)

a. A-T

B. T-A

C. G-C

D. U-T

12.Cancer results from unchecked

a. Mitosis

b. Meiosis

c. Homeostasis

d. Complementarity

22. Which of the following is true about aerobic cellular respiration?

a. it occurs in both plant and animal cells

b. It is a catabolic reaction

c. Sugar ( in the presence of oxygen) is broken down into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy.

d. all of the above is true.

31. Which of the follwoing is true about the amino acid code?

a. the code is nearly universal

b. the code is redundant

c. the code had no redundancy

d. both a and b

32. what is the function of an operon?

a. promotes the expression of a gene

b. codes for the production of proteins

c. allows binding of suppressor proteins

d. none of the above

A) Which of these groups is known from fossils in both Europe and Africa from 200,000 years ago?

• A. Homo heidelbergensis
• B. Neandertals
• C. Anatomically modern Homo sapiens
• D. Denisovans

B) What did the discovery of Neanderthal DNA in modern human genomes tell us about gene flow as Homo sapiens emerged from Africa?

• A. All of the human variation that exists today was derived from the variation that existed in the population of Homo sapiens that first emerged in Africa; there is no evidence of interbreeding with other hominin populations.
• B. Very little human variation is derived from what was present in the population of Homo sapiens that first emerged in Africa; a significant amount of variation was introduced after interbreeding with Neanderthals and Denisovans.
• C. Human variation is largely derived from what was present in the population of Homo sapiens that first emerged in Africa, but a limited amount of variation has been passed from Neanderthals and Denisovans through interbreeding after Homo sapiens emerged from Africa.
• D. Although DNA extraction techniques continue to improve, there are not enough data to provide conclusive evidence about whether modern humans interbred with Neanderthals.

C) The LCT allele for persistence of lactase until adulthood is today found at high frequency (40-100%) in various populations of Europe, where dairy farming has been practiced for thousands of years. Which of the following is our current understanding of the origins of the allele in Europe.

• A. The allele originated in Europe after hunter-gatherers began keeping dairy cattle and the mutation went to high frequencies quickly under strong selection.
• B. The allele spread from the Near East via farmers who also introduced crops, animals and agricultural technology to Europe around 7,500 years ago.
• C. The allele was present at low frequency in cattle and sheep herding nomads that spread to Europe from the Russian steppe 4,500 years ago.
• D. The allele spread to Europeans via introgression from Neandertals.

D) Which of the following are real limitations of direct-to-consumer percentage ancestry tests? Select all that apply.