All amino acids have two ionizable functional groups: an α-amino group (average pKa of 9.4) and an α-carboxylic acid group (average pKa of 2.2). Arginine also has an ionizable side chain (R group) with a pKa of ~12.5. One of the possible ionization states of arginine is shown below.

At what pH would the above structure be the predominant ionization state? Note: Consider the ionization state of all three of the functional groups.

The protonated form of the R group of arginine is shown in the structure above. The ratio of the charged (protonated) form to the deprotonated form depends on the pKa of the R group and the pH of the solution. Select all the pH values at which the charged form of the R group would predominate.

3.9

7.4

12.5

12.8

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*I know PH is 1.5 but i keep getting the second part wrong**

1-Which one of the following is true of tRNA molecules? Select all that apply.

Group of answer choices

The anticodon arm of tRNA contains a three nucleotide sequence that is identical to a specific mRNA codon.

tRNA molecules contain the unusual nucleotides dihydrouridine, pseudouridine, and ribothymine.

tRNA molecules form their 3D structures due to covalent bonding.

The 3' terminal nucleotide of tRNA is the site of amino acid attachment.

tRNA molecules are single stranded RNA.

2-The genetic code is degenerate because:

Group of answer choices

not all possible codons are used to code for amino acids.

one particular codon can code for more than one amino acid.

one particular amino acid can only be encoded by one codon.

one particular amino acid can be encoded by more than one codon.

3-Which of the following best describes the procedure Nirenberg took to decipher the genetic code?

Group of answer choices

They synthesized proteins of known amino acid sequence to see which tRNA bound.

They added ribosomes, tRNA, and codons together to see which codons resulted in tRNA/ribosome association.

They stuck tRNA to a filter and saw which codons bound to it.

people with sickle cell anemia have deformed red blood cells that cant properly transport oxygen to cells. compared to a healthy human, sickle cell patients would be mostly defective in?

a) osmosis

b)ATP production

c) glycolysis

d) fermentation

Identify which Mill's method is best exemplified. Explain why the Mill's method is exemplified. Demonstrate your understanding of the scientific concept and the logical structure by writing for each passage why the particular Mill's method is best exemplified.There may be more than one method in each passage.

1. The Sac locus was recently shown by linkage analysis and genetic rescue to encode T1R3, thus implicating a member of the T1r gene family in sweet taste detection. Indeed, functional expression studies in heterologous cells revealed that T1R3 combines with T1R2 (T1R2+3) to form a sweet taste receptor that responds to all classes of sweet tastants, including natural sugars, artificial sweeteners, d-amino acids and intensely sweet proteins.

2.Humans and mice show some prominent differences in their ability to taste certain artificial sweeteners and intensely sweet proteins — for example, mice cannot taste aspartame or monellin. Notably, introduction of the human T1R2 receptor into mice significantly changes their sweet taste preferences to a human-like response profile, proving that species differences in sweet taste sensitivity and selectivity are a direct reflection of T1R-sequence variation between species.

Describe a toeprint assay involving E. coli ribosomal subunits and a fictious mRNA in a cell-free extract that contains all the factors necessary for translation. What results would you expect to see with 30S ribosomal subunits alone? With 50S subunits alone? With both subunits and all amino acids except leucine, which is required in the 20th position of the polypeptide?

1. Describe what the “genetic code” means. What is a codon? Anticodon? Stop codon?

2. How to you take a DNA sequence and deduce a codon/anticodon, template, nontemplate strand?

3. Describe the characteristics of a tRNA. Why are these molecules considered bifunctional?

4. What is the wobble hypothesis? (codon-anticodon interactions)

5. How are amino acids activated?

please i want computer typing answer with details and explain

Explain the Bohr effect. How does pH (and pKa) and CO2 affect the binding affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin in the lungs and in tissues? Which of the specific amino acids in the hemoglobin molecule are involved in facilitating the interactions that affect oxygen binding affinity? How is CO2 transported from the tissues to the lungs?

Which of the following does not play a role in "charging" the tRNA molecules?

What term refers to the process of making RNA from a DNA template?

What term refers to the process of making protein from an RNA template?

..... The concentration of three different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, associated with three different amino acids, are found in much lower than normal concentrations in the cytosol of an animal cell. In your own words, describe how this may impact the rate of A) translation, and B) the citric acid cycle. Explain your reasoning for each. Please clearly label your responses as A) and B).