26.) What is the purpose of ATP produced in in the light reactions of photosynthesis?

a. to provide energy for fixing carbon in the calvin cycle

b. to provide energy for general plant function

c. to provide energy to produce sugar and cell wall material

d. A and C

e. A and B

f. A,B, and C

27.) What role does the ribosome play in translation?

a. Binds the mRNA

b. Binds tRNA

c. makes peptide bonds

d. A and B

e. A, B, and C

28.) Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?

a. Respiration runs the biochemical pathways of photosynthesis in reverse.

b. Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules; respiration releases energy from organic molecules

c. Photosynthesis occurs only in plants; respiration occurs only in animals.

d. ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis but not in aerobic respiration.

e. Photosynthesis is catabolic; respiration is anabolic.

29.) Which of the following statements is true about enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

a. The reaction is faster than the same reaction in the absence of the enzyme.

b. The free energy change of the reaction is opposite from the reaction that occurs in the absence of the enzyme.

c. An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by raising the activation energy.

d. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions require energy to activate the enzyme.

e. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions release more free energy than noncatalyzed reactions.

30.) Which portion of an amino acid is unique among the different amino acids?

a.  the carboxyl group

b.  the amino group

c.  the hydrocarbon chain

d.  the N-terminus

e.  the R-group

1)What are amino acids? Amino group, carboxyl end, what is the side chain of an amino acid?

2)What are essential and non-essential amino acid.

3)Which are the essential amino acids?

4)Classify the amino acids based on polarity of the R group:

List the essential amino acids, and conditional essential amino acids. Determine when and where they are considered conditional essential amino acids.

1. Hormones:

   	A.	relay a message from one cell only to its neighboring cells.
   	B.	have the same effects on all cell types.
   	C.	are made only of proteins.
   	D.	bind to receptors and cause transmission of a signal to the interior of the cell.

2. Which of the following is NOT true of metabolic fates in liver cells?

   	A.	Excess dietary carbohydrates and amino acids can be used to synthesize fats.
   	B.	Glucose 6-phosphate can be used to synthesize glycogen.
   	C.	Amino acids can be used to make glucose or fatty acids.
   	D.	Lipids cannot be oxidized to generate ATP.

3. Insulin does NOT:

   	A.	increase glucose uptake by the liver.
   	B.	stimulate TAG synthesis in adipocytes.
   	C.	inhibit PFK-1 in muscle.
   	D.	inhibit glycogen phosphorylase.

4. Which of the following is a metabolic effect of glucagon release?

   	A.	Inhibition of hormone-sensitive lipase
   	B.	Activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase
   	C.	Stimulation of glycogen synthesis
   	D.	Prevents glycolysis in liver

5. Diabetes is NOT associated with:

   	A.	ketosis.
   	B.	disfunction of the insulin signaling pathway.
   	C.	glucosuria.
   	D.	less frequent urination.

We classify foods into three groups based on their chemical compositions: Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats. The digestive and absorptive process differs among these groups due to their chemical structures.

For each of these macromolecules:

1) Come up with an example of each -- what's your representative food item of carbohydrate, protein, and fat.

2) Identify their chemical structures for monomer unit, and the macromolecule polymer.  

3) Determine the digestive reaction that splits the macromolecule into monomers: starch into glucose units; proteins into amino acids; and TAGs into free fatty-acids.

4) identify the digestive enzyme that catalyzes each of these reactions.

1. Define polymer.  Nucleotides are polymerized to form _______ and ________ while amino acids are polymerized to form ________.
2. Metabolic energy is derived from the breakdown of _________ to form _______which can be used to build _______.  Define metabolism and compare and contrast (similarities and differences) catabolism with anabolism.  Lastly, why are viruses not considered to be alive?
3. Draw a graph of a chemical reaction plotting Energy level on the Y axis and the reaction progress on the X access.  Show the energy level in the reactant as the reaction progresses to becoming the product.  Show two lines.  One reaction without an enzyme and one reaction with an enzyme.   

A plant is grown in soil depleted in magnesium and potassium, but rich in phosphorous and available ground water. Which if the following would occur?   

Plants and fungi have a symbiotic (mutually beneficial) relationship in that fungi provide __________ to plants, and plants provide ___________ to fungi.

You are growing Brassica rapa plants in the lab. A mutation is introduced into a subset of plants that impairs mitochondrial function in cells. Which of the following pathways of cellular respiration would be affected?

BIOCHEMISTRY ASSIGNMENT

UNIT TITLE: BHND 222/CHTU 125/BEH 125

1. 1. Name all the enzymes and co-enzymes involved in digestion of carbohydrates, Lipids and proteins in the human body from the mouth to intestines and up to absorption to the liver
2. Describe the metabolic pathways for glucose, amino acids and fatty acids and glycerol in the Liver
3. a) Draw the Animal cell and its detailed organelles and describe the structure of the cell membrane b) Explain the transport mechanisms across the cell membrane.
4. Explain the processes of lipogenesis and Gluconeogenesis
5. Write about glycogen storage disease
6. List various types of eicosanoids and explain their importance in the body.
7. Discuss four diseases associated with nucleic acids’ impairments.
8. Discuss the formation and transit of high density lipoproteins and low density lipo proteins
9. Discuss Nucleic Acid drawings, components and structures.
10. Describe the following cycles in the human body
11. a) Pyruvate cycle b) Cori-cycle     c) urea cycle    d) Krebs cycle      e) amino acid synthesis

i) What is the source of glycerol in the cell during times of fasting or starvation and how does glycerol feed into gluconeogenesis? Be specific as to where it originates and the hormone(s) and enzyme(s) necessary to produce glycerol. For this question you do not need to reference the article.

ii) How do fatty acids compare to amino acids and glycerol in terms of energy efficiency as a source of glucose production? Hint: this is discussed on Page 6 of the Kaleta article (In Silico Evidence for Gluconeogenesis from Fatty Acids in Humans).

iii) How does the information in ii) support the effectiveness of the Atkins diet whose low carbohydrate, high fat, and moderate protein intake promotes fatty acid lipolysis and ketogenesis.