2. Aa consequence of a fall-out, two radioactive beta emitting isotopes are released. Tritium, with a physical half-life time of 12 years and an average beta energy of 6keV, and¹³⁷Cs, with 30 years half-life time and an electron with average energy of 170 keV (we neglect the also emitted high energy y-ray here)

   1. a) A human of 100Kg ingests 107 Bq of tritium and 10³ Bq of ¹³⁷Cs. No additional activity is taken in afterwards. What is the whole body dose from each isotope the human receives over the first 1 day? Assume here that all the activity stays constant in the body over the day.

   2. b) One year after the incident, what is the dose over the year from the given ingested activity from each isotope? Assume tritium has 10 days and Caesium15 years of biological half-life time in the human body.

Please write down your response after reading the paragraph. (At least 5 sentences long. 150-200 words)

Ethically, autonomous cars mixed together on the roads with human-operated cars raises a scary picture in my mind. If autonomous cars are running on the mindset of saving the greater good, and human operated cars are also on this roadway with the mindset of saving their own self… I am unsure of how that would turn out. It is a bit frightening to think about. It is also frightening to think about being a passenger in an autonomous car. As a passenger, you would be putting your faith and life into the hands of a machine, designed by humans, which may be prone to some type of error. Yes, the machine would not make human mistakes as to drink and drive or to text and drive, but there is still the chance of some type of error on the machine's part. As the speaker said, society needs to determine which trade-offs they are willing to make.

1. Which of the following does not occur during the light-dependent reactions?
Splitting H2O molecules
Chemiosmosis
Glucose synthesis
ATP production

2. Which of the following is NOT involved in the Calvin Cycle?
Carbon Fixation
RUBP regeneration
RUBP
An Electron Transport Chain

3. Which of these does NOT occur during the Krebs Cycle?
O2 is reduced to form water
Conversion of NAD+ to NADH
Conversion of FAD+ to form FADH2
CO2 is produced

4. Select the statement that does NOT apply to glycolysis
Produces 2 net ATP
ATP production via Chemiosmosis
Occurs in the cytoplasm
It is an anaerobic process

5. Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane is FALSE?
NADH donates high energy electrons
FADH2 donates high energy electrons
It converts two molecules of pyruvate into three acetyl groups
H+ ions are pumped into the inter-membrane space

Diagram and describe how eukaryotic cellular respiration works. Include a labeled diagram of the appropriate cell structures. Show where each of the main stages of respiration occurs. (Hints: The book shows several diagrams of various parts of cellular respiration. For this question, I’m asking you to create one integrated diagram that shows all the parts of the process in one diagram. Your diagram can clearly show where everything goes, but you’ll need some text to explain the energy involved. Your answer should account for all the ATP, NADH, and FADH2 that are produced and used. Note that there are cycles for these 3 molecules. You don’t need to give the names or structures of all the chemical intermediates involved in glycolysis & the citric acid cycle, but you should know the reactants and final products. Be sure to indicate how each substance crosses membranes when necessary.)

(no bullet points, essay form)

List the following elements in order of highest electronegativity to lowest: silicon, sulphur, argon, chlorine.

Answer the following questions about water: (10 marks total)

In a single molecule of water (H₂O), what kind(s) of bonds(s) are present?

Explain how these bonds contribute to the high surface tension of water.

Explain why water has a high specific heat and explain why this is important to life.

A baking soda solution has a pH of 8. (5 marks total)

Is it acidic, basic, or neutral? Why?

Is it an acid, a base, or neither? Why?

What is the concentration of hydrogen ions in baking soda? (1 mark)

Compare and contrast the following: (4 marks each, total 16 marks)

Starch and glycogen

Phosphodiester bonds and peptide bonds

Chemical energy and heat

Hypothesis and null hypothesis

For the theory of evolution identify the pattern component and the process component.

Read the section in your textbook Canadian Research 1.1: Artificial Selection on Bighorn Sheep in Alberta. Using specific examples from this study, outline the steps of the scientific method. (Note that the reading may not include all the steps. For any “missing” steps, include what would have been the case.)

Answer the following questions about enzymes: (15 marks total)

Briefly describe how enzymes catalyze reactions

List 4 factors that affect enzyme activity. For each factor explain how the factor works to alter reaction rate.

The tertiary structure of proteins involves interactions with the amino acid side chains (the R groups). List the types of interactions and explain the role of the functional groups involved .

Compare and contrast the structure and function of DNA and RNA.

Explain why the components of phospholipids contribute to the formation of lipid bilayers.

Explain why carbohydrates have high free energy.

Discussion

Based on what you have learned so far, consider one of the following questions. Post your ideas to the Discussions area first, and then read and respond to other students’ postings. The Discussions area is in the left-hand navigation menu of this course.

Self-Replicating Molecules

Your textbook states that the ability of molecules to self-replicate is an indicator that these molecules are “living entities”. Should self-replication be the only indicator of life? Why or why not?

Origins of Life

Up to date RNA has been the only molecule directly associated with the origin of life and early evolution of life on Earth.

In your own words explain how researchers came to this conclusion. Do you find their arguments convincing? Why or why not? Prior to answering this question, make sure you read Chapter 4, Section 4.4, The First-Life Form.

Describe the layers of human skin, explain some skin details and defenses as well as some diseases of particular parts.

Explain how human activities are changing the carbon cycle, and describe biological responses to those changes such as changes in phenology.

What molecules are used as the building blocks of the new DNA strand in DNA replication (human body) versus PCR?

1. identify legal responsibilities of the nurse when taking care of patients who are suspected victims of human trafficking.