1. If the pO2 is 30 mmHg in a given tissue, is more or less O bound at pH 7.6 compared with that bound at pH 7.2. Explain.

2. What role does CO2 play in determining/regulating blood pH? Explain.

3. Bis-phosphoglycerate (BPG) binds to hemoglobin. Discuss where and why it binds and the effect it has on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin.

4. Describe two similarities and two differences between myoblobin and hemoglobin.

5. When the enzyme trypsin is denatured and then renatured it only regains 8% of its activity. Why is full activity not regained as it is with RNAase?

Consider the following kinetic data for an enzyme. Construct both an M&M and Lineweaver-Burke plots using this data. Estimate the Km and Vmax from both graphs and compare the values. Discuss any differences you see between the numbers you derive from the two different plots.

Imagine that in a metabolic pathway, one of the steps involves the oxidation of saturated compound to an unsaturated compound, with the concomitant reduction of the cofactor FAD to FADH2 as shown below:

            R-CH2-CH2-R'    +    FAD    <---->   R-CH=CH-R'    +    FADH2

Imagine further that ΔG°´ for this reaction is 0 kcal/mol. Given this scenario, what would be the equilibrium concentration of FADH2 (expressed in mM to the nearest tenth of a unit) if a biochemist started with a solution that contained 0.011 M each of R-CH2-CH2-R', FAD, and FADH2 (but no R-CH=CH-R'), along with 20 nM concentration of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction?

1. Ramachandran plot is useful in telling which of the following property of a protein: (with explaination)
A. sequence
B. structure
C. function
D. modification

2. SDS is used in protein electrophoresis because? (with explaination)
A. it denatures proteins
B. it stains protein
C. it provides protein with charges
D. it makes the size of protein different.

3. Whichnof the following is not a mechanism for altering the flux of metabolities through the rate-determinating step of a pathway?
A. allosteric control of the enzyme activity.
B. Diffusional coupling between adjacent active sites
C. lower affinity for proton
D. higher affinity for proton

1. If the proofreading mechanism of the DNA Polymerase fails, what else can the cell do to fix mistakes?

2. A cell, not during the process of DNA replication, has 2 nucleotides (both T's) that formed a dimer in a single strand. The two dimerized nucleotides aren't base-pairing to the complementary strand.

a) What do you think caused this to occur?

b) what would normally happen in this situation?

C) What if the enzyme, Nuclease, was inactivated in that cell.. what would or wouldn't happen?

d) If there were no nuclease, what would happedn the next time the cell divides ?

1. Gastrin is secreted by;

1. Small intestine
2. Liver
3. Pancreas
4. Stomach

2. Hormone secretin:

1. Converts trypsinogen to trypsin
2. Stimulates release of pancreatic juices
3. Inhibits release of pancreatic juices
4. Stimulates secretion of bicarbonate from pancreas into duodenum

3. ____________is a proteolytic enzyme in pancreatic juices:

1. Trypsin
2. Amylase
3. Nuclease
4. Gastrin

4. Chief cells of stomach epithelium secretes:

1. Pepsinogen
2. HCl
3. Mucus
4. Gastrin

5. Fats, proteins and carbohydrates are digested in:

1. Small intestine
2. Stomach
3. Liver
4. Large intestine

6. Pyloric sphincter connects ___________ to ____________:

1. Small intestine; large intestine
2. Esophagus; stomach
3. Stomach; small intestine
4. Liver; gall bladder

You are given a drink that you are told is sweetened with either maltose or lactose. Using the following resources explain how you would test if the drink was sweetened with either lactose or maltose? Explain the carbohydrate chemistry behind the test to justify your answer. The only (!) resources available to you include: - the drink - the enzyme lactase - the Somogyi-Nelson reagents for the determination of reducing sugars Questions: i) concisely describe the tests that you would use: ii) describe the observations that would be made if the drink contained maltose: iii) describe the observations that would be made if the drink contained lactose:

Jeffrey Mitton and his colleagues found three genotypes (R2R2, R2R3, and R3R3) at a locus encoding the enzyme peroxidase in ponderosa pine trees growing at Glacier Lake, Colorado. The observed numbers of these genotypes were: Genotypes: Number observed: R2R2 135 R2R3 44 R3R3 11 a. Determine the allele frequencies for the R2 and R3 alleles. b. Use the Chi square test to determine if this population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the peroxidase trait. Generate a Chi square value. c. Interpret the Chi square value from part (b). If the population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, suggest a reason why.

Which of the following is NOT a potential benefit of using transgenic plants?

Calculate the Theoretical Yield and Percent Yield for the reaction of p-Amino Benzoic Acid (PABA) + Ethanol + Sulfuric Acid to create Benzocaine. Is Sulfuric Acid simply a catalyst in this reaction? 

Molar Mass Benzocaine: 165.19g/mol

Molar Mass PABA: 139.14g/mol

Molar Mass Ethanol: 46.07g/mol

Molar Mass of Sulfuric Acid: 98.079g/mol

Mass of PABA Used: 0.5093g (0.00366 moles)

Volume of Ethanol Used: 7.0 mL (5.523g) (0.11986 moles) Ethanol is in excess here.

Volume of Sulfuric Acid Used: 0.50 mL (0.92g) (0.00938 moles)

Mass of Benzocaine collected: 0.3722g