1. Pyruvate oxidation yields one molecule of _____ , and one molecule of ________ , which is exhaled.

2. How many molecules of CO2, ATP, NADH, and FADH2 does the citric acid cycle yield for each acetyl CoA molecule oxidized?
   1. CO2            

2. ATP       

3. NADH    

4. FADH2    

3. Identify the two molecules that provide the electron transport chain with high energy electrons._______ and _______.

4. The chemiosmotic flow of H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane goes through an enzyme called                                                                          .

5. List aerobic stages of cellular respiration:                                                                                  

6. As a result of fermentation, animal cells produce _________ acid.

7. Define oxidation and reduction.

1. To which class do collagen fibers belong? ___________________________

2. What is the monomer for this class of organic molecules? _____________________

3. With what type of reaction breaks down a polymer of this class into monomers? _______________________________

4.Osteoclasts are able to produce the components of a substance that lowers the pH of the surrounding matrix and breaks down hydroxyapatite.

A. proteoglycan

B. sodium chloride

C. alkaline mucus

D. hydrochloric acid

5. list two substances that osteoblast cells should be able to produce:   ______________________________ and ____________________________.

6.Osteoclasts produce an enzyme that break down collagen fibers, what is the name?

mtr: tryptophan-specific transport protein – transports tryptophan into the cell

trpA: tryptophan synthase, a protein – synthesizes tryptophan from its basic components

cusF: Periplasmic copper binding protein – binds copper ions

tnaA: Tryptophanase – enzyme for tryptophan catabolism

trpB: Tryptophan synthase, b protein – synthesizes tryptophan

Q. If tryptophan caused the expression level to change, explain why these changes occur for each gene (that is, how does the presence of tryptophan in the media influence expression of the gene...you should be able to infer this based on each gene’s known function).

1) Some bacterial pathogens are highly infectious via the respiratory route. Determining whether the pathogen can make an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide by the catalase method could be hazardous. How? Also include in your answer how the test is performed. (2 pts)

2) Kovac's reagent was used in the indole test. If isoamyl alcohol were not present in the Kovac's reagent, then describe what would be observed following testing of an indole-positive bacterium, and why? Also include in your answer the function of isoamyl alcohol in the test? (2 pts)

In lab this semester, we have examined several cellular molecules and activities including, but not limited to, cyclosis in Elodea, Protein concentration in various food sources, bovine serum albumin and the relationship between protein concentration and absorbance, Betacyanin and membrane permeability, B-galactosidase and enzyme function, yeast cell growth, and RNA production in cells.

Describe how one of more of the databases/programs utilized in this lab exercise (pBLAST, PDB, DeepLoc, KEGG) could be used to gain information about one of these processes or molecules. Be specific and explain your answer.

Chemical potential energy vs. kinetic energy

            Know the difference between these two energy types.

Energy Transformation

            Relate and define

Laws of Thermodynamics

            What are the two laws of thermodynamics?

Endergonic Reactions- define

Exergonic reactions – define

Enzymes

            What are they?

            How do they work?

What is activation energy?

            What is an active site?

            How do you denature an enzyme?

Cellular Respiration Review

Cellular respiration and energy conversion

            What does cellular respiration do in relation to energy conversion?

Oxidation-Reduction reaction (redox reactions)

            What is a redox reaction?

Transcription is the process of RNA synthesis.  Translation is the cytoplasmic process of protein synthesis.  Both processes can be divided into three stages, Initiation, Elongation, and Termination.  For each of the events listed below write which process it occurs in (either transcription or translation) and in which stage the event occurs (initiation, elongation, termination).

a. Peptidyl transferase moves the peptide from the transfer RNA in the peptidyl site to the transfer RNA in the amino acyl site.

            b. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter.

            c. The ribosome reaches a stop codon and pauses.

            d. The methionine transfer RNA binds to the messenger RNA.

A popular brand of protein powder states on its label,

RAW Matters

Heat and processing can denature protein, reducing its availability to your body. Our USDA Certified Organic plant proteins are produced at low temperatures, preserving their complete amino acid integrity.

Although this powder is probably a good source of protein, and while it’s true that heat and processing can denature proteins, the rest of this statement is nonsense in several ways.

Use what you’ve learned about protein structure and the functioning of the stomach to explain at least one of the ways this statement is inaccurate or misleading.

biochemistry question

use pK_a = 3.2 the a-COOH group, pK_BH = 8.0 for the a-NH₂ group, and the following values for dissociation constants for side-chain groups.

Amino Acid                          Dissociation Constant of Side Chain Group

Aspartic Acid                                       3.9 (pK_a of COOH)

Glutamic Acid                                     4.2 (pK_a of COOH)

Histidine                                              6.0 (pK_BH of =N)

Lysine                                                  10.5 (pK_BH of NH₂)

using the information above. (a) Draw structures of the predominant ionic form of the tripeptide His-Gly-Glu at each of the following pH values: pH 4, 7, and 10. (b) Calculate the isoelectric pH (pI) of this tripeptide.

Complete the following questions. Illustrates the process of DNA transcription, translation, and protein synthesis.

1.    The stages of transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. Draw a representation of each of these stages . Be sure to include the names of important enzymes and locations.

2.    Once mRNA is created through transcription, it is often processed. Explain how mRNA can be processed. Include the names of important enzymes or structures.

3.    Translation is how mRNA gets used to create the peptide sequence. Draw what is going on inside a ribosome. Be sure to include the locations of mRNA, tRNA, each subunit of the ribosome, and where the amino acid sequence forms.