Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) is an enzyme that elevates when the heart muscle is damaged. Assume that the population distribution of SGOT levels in adults with healthy hearts is known to be normally distributed with ? = 18.5 units/L and ? = 13.2 units/L.

a. What proportion of adults with a healthy heart have an SGOT level of above 25 units/L? (0.5pts)

b. For a sample size of ? = 40 from this population, what would be the sampling distribution of the mean SGOT level? Include the type of distribution and the values of the defining parameters. (0.5pts)

c. Now suppose you collected a sample of ? = 40 adults who recently underwent heart surgery. If the sample mean SGOT level you got was above 25 units/L, do you think that the SGOT level of people who have recently undergone heart surgery actually has a distribution with ? = 18.5 units/L? Why or why not?

For each of the following scenarios, state the appropriate null hypothesis and indicate whether the result corresponds to a Type-I error, a Type-II error, or no error. Use α=0.05. (1pt each)

a. A new method of relaxation training, which includes mediation and biofeedback, is reported to be successful at reducing high blood pressure, even though it doesn’t actually have any effect on blood pressure.

b. A study that tested if there was any relationship between a person’s heart rate and consuming a small amount of caffeine resulted in a p-value of 0.21. In truth, there is no relationship between heart rate and caffeine in this population.

c. Park officials tested if new design of bear-proof trash bins is more successful at keeping bears out than the bins they currently use. Fact is that the new design is actually more successful than the current one. Their test resulted in a p-value of 0.08.

McArdle Disease (glycogen storage disease 5) is caused by mutations in the phosphorylase enzyme in muscle. The symptoms are muscle cramps, pain, and fatigue during strenuous exercise. A) An ischemic exercise test is often used as part of the diagnostic process. This test measures lactate in the blood but is not always specific for McArdle. Explain why lactate might be a good diagnostic measurement for this disease and how its production is regulated in muscle in a normal person versus a McArdle patient. B) A patient is undergoing an ischemic exercise test and is fed 13C glucose prior to the test and then blood is drawn after the test. Explain how the following substrates would be labeled 1) alpha-ketoglutarate, 2) glucose 3) ribose, and 4) alanine. C) in patients with McArdle would you expect electron chain activity to increase, decrease, or remain the same in the muscle cell if the person is at rest? exercising?

McArdle Disease (glycogen storage disease 5) is caused by mutations in the phosphorylase enzyme in muscle. The symptoms are muscle cramps, pain, and fatigue during strenuous exercise. A) An ischemic exercise test is often used as part of the diagnostic process. This test measures lactate in the blood but is not always specific for McArdle. Explain why lactate might be a good diagnostic measurement for this disease and how its production is regulated in muscle in a normal person versus a McArdle patient. B) A patient is undergoing an ischemic exercise test and is fed 13C glucose prior to the test and then blood is drawn after the test. Explain how the following substrates would be labeled 1) alpha-ketoglutarate, 2) glucose 3) ribose, and 4) alanine. C) in patients with McArdle would you expect electron chain activity to increase, decrease, or remain the same in the muscle cell if the person is at rest? exercising?

Explain the chemical nature of storage fats in the body. How are they stored (chemically), where are they stored (biologically). Explain the diversity in this group of molecules. Give a short historical perspective on saponification reaction and how it was used, starting supplies, etc.

Why are the fatty acids referred to as salts? Which takes more NaOH for complete saponification, 27 grams of olive oil, butter or lard? Since the same amount of NaOH, which soap should be more basic? Why?
Discuss why fatty acid salts can act as soaps.
Discuss the disadvantages of natural soaps.

Q. Free fatty acids (FFA) were measured in fasting blood sample of 13 non-insulin-dependent diabetic men and 10 non-diabetic men. The results (in mmoI/L) were:

Diabetic:

430 340 560 390 430 385 345 370 317 311 687 323 618

Non-diabetic:

445 265 493 265 410 274 296 219 286 250

a) Determine if the FFA is different for diabetic men and non-diabetic men

b) Write a brief summary of what the result show

Free fatty acids (FFA) were measured in fasting blood sample of 13 non-insulin-dependent diabetic men and 10 non-diabetic men. The results (in mmoI/L) were: Diabetic: 430 340 560 390 430 385 345 370 317 311 687 323 618 Non-diabetic: 445 265 493 265 410 274 296 219 286 250 a) Determine if the FFA is different for diabetic men and non-diabetic men b) Write a brief summary of what the result show.

Thermogenesis is an important function of Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT). Which of the following statements about BAT is FALSE?

I. Unlike other tissues, BAT does not degrade free fatty acids via β-oxidation.

II. BAT has smaller lipid droplets and more mitochondria than White Adipose Tissue.

III. In BAT, UCP1 forms a channel in the inner mitochondrial membrane that dissipates the energy in the H⁺ gradient as heat.

Choose the best answer

I and II

I, II, and III

II and III

II only

I only

At 25°C, 2.00 grams of sodium hydroxide is dissolved in enough water to make 500. mL of solution. Calculate [H3O+]. Use significant figures and “E” for scientific notation. Do not enter units as part of your answer.

Rank the following acids/bases by their [H3O+] upon dissociation in water. List the solution with greatest[H3O+]at the top and the lowest at the bottom.

Drag and drop to order

1

A

0.67 M HF

2

B

0.67 M HCl

3

C

0.67 M H2SO4

4

D

0.67 M NH3

A)Draw the mechanism of bromination of cis-2-butene.

B)Explain the stepwise mechanism of the reaction between mercury (II) acetate to ethylene

C)Explain with suitable examples the concept of E-and Z- alkenes. Is there any difference between Cis/Trans with E/Z ? Justify your answer.

D)Cis-2-Butene has a higher boiling point (4 0C) than trans-2-butene (1 0C) — Explain.

E)How can you correlate the melting points of oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acids with their double bonds?