The coronavirus is hitting businesses and their employees. Some businesses are still open and millions of employees are working to serve customers. Some of the employees work in their workplaces while some others work from home. Almost all employees worry whether they will lose their jobs or if they will have a pay cut. It is obvious that unemployment will rise because millions of employees will lose their jobs and the remaining employees may have a pay cut (10, 20, 30, 50%) depending on the position in his/her workplace.

Because of the coronavirus, the business environment has started to change. It is becoming a challenging fast-changing environment. Currently, many managers are faced with difficulties. In the near future and in the long run, they will need to deal with important issues.

Lastly, you have to remember that one can easily manage firms during prosperous times but effective managers flourish during difficult times.

Below is a sample list of terms that you can use when answering the questions.

Job security and protection; Employee morale; Employee stress; Anxiety; Employee wellness; Effective decision making; Work performance; Key competencies; Productive employees; Quality of work produced; Work-life balance; Mental health; Employees in a high-risk health category; Illness; Government sector; Health sector; Security forces.

Q1-What should managers do to manage employees and minimize the negative effects of the coronavirus on employees? Discuss the major OB issues faced by managers when dealing with employees who are currently working and the major OB issues that managers need to handle in the near future.

Q2-What would be the possible changes and developments in the workforce and workplace diversity in the near future and in the long run? Discuss.

Q3-How should managers handle an employee that is unable to work due to age or health issues?

Assignment 1: LASA 2: Airvalue Airways Strategic Planning Airvalue Airways is a regional carrier whose strategy is to expand gradually as they can identify routes that offer an attractive return on the investment necessary to support successful coverage of the route. As part of this expansion, the company is planning to buy a new plane in the upcoming fiscal year. The purchasing department has narrowed the choice down to two models. One is the A220 which is manufactured in Europe. The other plane is the G435 which is built in the United States. The two aircraft have similar profiles. However, the locally-built G435 is significantly more expensive to purchase. The A220 has an expected life of 5 years, will cost $90 million and its use will produce net operating cash inflows of $30 million per year. The G435 has a life of 10 years, will cost $128 million, and its use will produce net operating cash inflows of $25 million per year. Airvalue plans to serve the route for 10 years. When they need to purchase a new A220 at the end of five years, the cost will be $115 million net after allowing for salvage value of the used plane. Net operating cash inflows will remain at $30 million throughout the second five years. At the end of 10 years, salvage value of the G435 and of the second A220 are expected to be about the same at approximately $500,000 each. As the company’s CFO you are to provide the financial analysis that will be considered by the strategic planning executive committee during evaluation of this expansion alternative. Your plan is to use a capital budgeting approach to the analysis in order to best assure that the decision will result in maximization of wealth for the company’s stockholders. You also want to convert the entire committee to the concept that capital budgeting should be used as the main tool for the financial analysis of capital expenditure alternatives. The company uses the historical difference in returns between the S&P 500 and the Treasury bond rates of 7% as their estimated market risk premium. The current yield to maturity on a 10-year Treasury bond is 6.2%. Airvalue Airways’ common-stock equity beta is estimated as 1.40. Airvalue’s capital structure is 58% common stock, 32% preferred stock and 10% long-term debt. An 8.8% after tax cost of debt has been determined and the cost of preferred stock is 12%. Your task is to: Describe for other members of the strategic planning committee the role that capital budgeting should play in corporate strategic management. Explain why the NPV and IRR capital budgeting tools are superior to the accounting rate of return and simple payback techniques for determining the attractiveness of capital investment opportunities. Use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to identify the cost of common stock. Calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the firm’s existing capital structure. Calculate the net present value (NPV) for each plane model using the company’s WACC as the hurdle rate. Recommend which plane should be purchased and justify your recommendation. Discuss the need to manage implementation of the project so that the higher returns can be realized. Include the strategic management keys to protecting the project from competitive forces that would erode the earning power of the project and jeopardize realization of the projected rate of return on the investment. To complete this assignment, you must submit a 6-8 page paper that addresses the seven elements of the task as listed above and exhibits your calculations of the cost of common stock, the weighted average cost of capital, and the NPV for each plane along with an explanation of the calculations. The paper must be submitted as a Word document and it must follow APA style guidelines.

Kindly summarize this Literature Review Section 3.2 Efficient Techniques and Performance Measurement Recently, developed techniques compare the efficiency of similar service organizations by explicitly considering their use of multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs. These new efficiency techniques are often divided into two categories. One broad category consists of the linear programming procedures used in this paper (DEA). The second category is a set of regression-based techniques that derive inefficiency estimates from two-part error terms, and has been called the econometric or stochastic frontier approach. Both techniques use sample firms to construct an efficient production frontier. The frontier is efficient in the sense that a firm operating on the frontier could not increase output without increasing its input utilization, or it could not reduce its input utilization without decreasing output. Deviations from the frontier represent inefficiencies, and are termed X-inefficiencies in the finance and economics literature. Efficient frontier techniques avoid the need to develop a standard cost for each service provided and are more comprehensive and reliable that using a set of operating ratios and profit measures. These techniques permit managers and researchers to service organizations and identify units that are relatively inefficient, determine the magnitude of the inefficiency, suggest alternative strategies to reduce the inefficiencies, all in a composite measure. Moreover, these techniques provide an estimate of the overall efficiency level of the market that is under consideration. We know of only two studies that use efficient frontier techniques in the hotel industry. The first is that of Morey and Ditman (1995) who measure the relative performance of hotel general managers using DEA. The authors gathered input-output data for 54 hotels from a geographically dispersed area. They found that managers were operating 89 percent efficiency. In other words, given their output, managers on average could reduce their inputs by 11 percent. The study reported that the least efficient hotel was 64 percent efficient. These results are relatively high compared to those found in other industry studies that utilize DEA. Large efficiency scores are indicators of High performance and competition (Leibenstein 1966). Thus in an economic context, the market for lodging services appears to be operating efficiently. Anderson et al. (1998) argue for the benefits of using a stochastic frontier methodology in addition to DEA in order to accurately assess performance. Using a classical stochastic frontier model, they also find the hotel industry to be performing relatively efficiently, with efficiency measures above 90 percent. While both of these studies are informative, neither provides any information on the source of the inefficiencies. The source of the inefficiencies, whether technical or allocative in nature, is important information that managers need in order to take proactive positions to increase performance. We re-examine hotel efficiency using a method of DEA that provides significantly more detailed results and we further analyze the inefficiency sources. The following section describes our procedure.

SECTION 4 EFFICIENCY DETERMINATION

Section 4.1 The DEA Technique

Within the DEA framework, performance of an individual firm is evaluated with respect to an efficient frontier, which is constructed by taking linear combinations of existing firms. While there are several DEA approaches, wee use an unput-base approach, assuming that inputs are contracted proportionally with exogenous outputs. The procedure relies on sophisticated mathematics; however, the following simplified graphical example deomstates how th eefficiency measures are computed.

Figure 1 displays tha overall (OE) and (TE), and allocativ (AE) efficiency measures. In this example, we assume two inputs (X1 and X2), one output (Y), and constant returns to scale. Additionally, we assume that technology is fixed and that input prices are represented as PP. Firm A is X-efficient since it produces along output isoquant Y by utilizing the least inputs. Suppose thee is a firm operating at point C and producing an output equivalent of that produced along Y. C is uses more inputs than A to produce the output Y and is classified as inefficient with an overall efficiency score of 0D/0C )or equivalenly and inefficiency score of DC/0C).

Overall inefficiency can be decomposed into its techhnical and allocattive components. Without being able to alter input allocations, the bestt that firmC could have done was to operate at point B. The "extra" input usage that was incurred by firm C as a percentage of total input usage is the technical inefficiency measure and can be dpressed as BC/0C The technical efficiency of firm C is ecpresses as 0B/0C. Allocative inefficiency representts managerial failurd to use the optimal input mix. Here, allocative inefficiencies for firm C can be represented by DB/0B, and allocatvie effficiency is expressed as 0D/0B.

Technical efficiency can be further decomposed into technical (PTE) and scale (SE) efficiency measures. Pure technical inefficiency simply refers to deviations from the efficient frontier that result rom failure to utilize the employed resoures efficiently. Hence, this measure assumes that firms are operating at constant return to scale. Scale ineficiencies, on the other hand are losses due tofailure to operate at constant returns to scale. Figure 2 illustrates these two efficiency measures. In this figure, the Y-axis represents output and the X-axis represents input conbinations that contain an equal amount of both input 1 an dinput 2. The graph shows three observations denoted A, B, and C, respectively. Two frontiers are illustrated, a fronier assuming constant returns to scale instead of decreasing or increasing returns toscale.

After completing this analysis, we examine the SE measure to determine if it equals one. If the SE measure equals one, firms are operating at constant returns to scale. If SE does not equal one, we then determine whether the firms are oeprating at increasing or decreasing returns to scale (see Appendix A for a mathematical treatment of DEA).

Statement of Cash Flows—Indirect Method

The comparative balance sheet of Tru-Built Construction Inc. for December 31, 2016 and 2015, is as follows:

The following additional information is taken from the records:

Land was sold for $53.

Equipment was acquired for cash.

There were no disposals of equipment during the year.

The common stock was issued for cash.

There was a $138 credit to Retained Earnings for net income.

There was a $42 debit to Retained Earnings for cash dividends declared.

a. Prepare a statement of cash flows, using the indirect method of presenting cash flows from operating activities. Use the minus sign to indicate cash out flows, cash payments, decreases in cash, or any negative adjustments.

Almost all U.S. light-rail systems use electric cars that run on tracks built at street level. The Federal Transit Administration claims light-rail is one of the safest modes of travel, with an accident rate of .99 accidents per million passenger miles as compared to 2.29 for buses. The following data show the miles of track and the weekday ridership in thousands of passengers for six light-rail systems.

1. Use these data to develop an estimated regression equation that could be used to predict the ridership given the miles of track.
   
   Compute b₀ and b₁ (to 2 decimals).
   b₁  
   b₀  
   
   Complete the estimated regression equation (to 2 decimals).
   =  +  x
   
2. Compute the following (to 1 decimal):

   SSE
   SST
   SSR
   MSE

   
   
3. What is the coefficient of determination (to 3 decimals)? Note: report r² between 0 and 1.
   
   
   Does the estimated regression equation provide a good fit?
   SelectYes, it even provides an excellent fitYes, it provides a good fitNo, it does not provide a good fitItem 10
   
4. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the mean weekday ridership for all light-rail systems with 30 miles of track (to 1 decimal).
   (  ,  )
   
5. Suppose that Charlotte is considering construction of a light-rail system with 30 miles of track. Develop a 95% prediction interval for the weekday ridership for the Charlotte system (to 1 decimal).
   (  ,  )
   
   Do you think that the prediction interval you developed would be of value to Charlotte planners in anticipating the number of weekday riders for their new light-rail system?
   SelectYes, because this interval has high accuracyYes, because this interval has high confidenceYes, because this interval has both high accuracy and high confidenceNo, because this interval is too wideNo, because this interval has low confidence

Almost all U.S. light-rail systems use electric cars that run on tracks built at street level. The Federal Transit Administration claims light-rail is one of the safest modes of travel, with an accident rate of .99 accidents per million passenger miles as compared to 2.29 for buses. The following data show the miles of track and the weekday ridership in thousands of passengers for six light-rail systems.

1. Use these data to develop an estimated regression equation that could be used to predict the ridership given the miles of track.
   
   Compute b₀ and b₁ (to 2 decimals).
   b₁ =
   b₀ =
   
   Complete the estimated regression equation (to 2 decimals).
   
   
2. Compute the following (to 1 decimal):

   SSE	=
   SST	=
   SSR	=
   MSE	=

   
   
3. What is the coefficient of determination (to 3 decimals)? Note: report r² between 0 and 1.
   
   
   Does the estimated regression equation provide a good fit?
   SelectYes, it even provides an excellent fitYes, it provides a good fitNo, it does not provide a good fitItem 10
   
4. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the mean weekday ridership for all light-rail systems with 30 miles of track (to 1 decimal).
   (  ,  )
   
5. Suppose that Charlotte is considering construction of a light-rail system with 30 miles of track. Develop a 95% prediction interval for the weekday ridership for the Charlotte system (to 1 decimal).
   (  ,  )
   
   Do you think that the prediction interval you developed would be of value to Charlotte planners in anticipating the number of weekday riders for their new light-rail system?
   SelectYes, because this interval has high accuracyYes, because this interval has high confidenceYes, because this interval has both high accuracy and high confidenceNo, because this interval is too wideNo, because this interval has low confidenceItem 15

Almost all U.S. light-rail systems use electric cars that run on tracks built at street level. The Federal Transit Administration claims light-rail is one of the safest modes of travel, with an accident rate of .99 accidents per million passenger miles as compared to 2.29 for buses. The following data show the miles of track and the weekday ridership in thousands of passengers for six light-rail systems.

1. Use these data to develop an estimated regression equation that could be used to predict the ridership given the miles of track.
   
   Compute b₀ and b₁ (to 2 decimals).
   b₁   
   b₀   
   
   Complete the estimated regression equation (to 2 decimals).
   =   +  x
   
2. Compute the following (to 1 decimal):

   SSE
   SST
   SSR
   MSE

   
   
3. What is the coefficient of determination (to 3 decimals)? Note: report r² between 0 and 1.
     
   
   Does the estimated regression equation provide a good fit?
   SelectYes, it even provides an excellent fitYes, it provides a good fitNo, it does not provide a good fitItem 10  
   
4. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the mean weekday ridership for all light-rail systems with 30 miles of track (to 1 decimal).
   (  ,   )
   
5. Suppose that Charlotte is considering construction of a light-rail system with 30 miles of track. Develop a 95% prediction interval for the weekday ridership for the Charlotte system (to 1 decimal).
   (  ,   )
   
   

• Three types of physical environment (unaltered, altered, built)
• Goal of environmental health
• Love Canal
• Silent Spring
• Differences between a risk assessment and a public health assessment (which measures theoretical risk, which measures actual risk, which is broader in scope, which takes place over a shorter period of time)
• Ecological risk assessment
• What does the FDA regulate (Dr. Miller)
• Dietary supplements regulated as what? (Dr. Miller)
• Reason for items such as toothpaste and dandruff shampoo to be included as drug products (Dr. Miller)
• Food and drug administration’s control over drug prices (Dr. Miller)
• Off-label prescribing (Dr. Miller)
• Health law and the U.S. Constitution
• Interstate Commerce Clause and public health
• Compare and contrast the two philosophies toward the role of government affecting health policies (Market Justice vs. Social Justice)
• No duty principle
• Nuremburg Code
• Tuskegee study
• Belmont Report
• Internal Review Boards
• Systems thinking and reductionist thinking
• Systems analysis and systems diagrams
• One Health – what is it and be able to identify examples
• Climate change implications
• How a bill becomes a law
• Federalism
• Affordable Care Act features
• Policy Windows – 3 streams

Almost all U.S. light-rail systems use electric cars that run on tracks built at street level. The Federal Transit Administration claims light-rail is one of the safest modes of travel, with an accident rate of .99 accidents per million passenger miles as compared to 2.29 for buses. The following data show the miles of track and the weekday ridership in thousands of passengers for six light-rail systems.

1. Use these data to develop an estimated regression equation that could be used to predict the ridership given the miles of track.
   
   Compute b₀ and b₁ (to 2 decimals).
   b₁  
   b₀  
   
   Complete the estimated regression equation (to 2 decimals).
   y =  +  x
   
2. Compute the following (to 1 decimal):

   SSE
   SST
   SSR
   MSE

   
   
3. What is the coefficient of determination (to 3 decimals)? Note: report r² between 0 and 1.
   
   
   Does the estimated regression equation provide a good fit?
   SelectYes, it even provides an excellent fitYes, it provides a good fitNo, it does not provide a good fitItem 10
   
4. Develop a 95% confidence interval for the mean weekday ridership for all light-rail systems with 30 miles of track (to 1 decimal).
   (  ,  )
   
5. Suppose that Charlotte is considering construction of a light-rail system with 30 miles of track. Develop a 95% prediction interval for the weekday ridership for the Charlotte system (to 1 decimal).
   (  ,  )
   
   Do you think that the prediction interval you developed would be of value to Charlotte planners in anticipating the number of weekday riders for their new light-rail system?

QUESTION 15:

Built-Tight is preparing its master budget for the quarter ended September 30, 2017. Budgeted sales and cash payments for product costs for the quarter follow:

Sales are 30% cash and 70% on credit. All credit sales are collected in the month following the sale. The June 30 balance sheet includes balances of $15,000 in cash; $45,800 in accounts receivable; $5,300 in accounts payable; and a $5,800 balance in loans payable. A minimum cash balance of $15,000 is required. Loans are obtained at the end of any month when a cash shortage occurs. Interest is 1% per month based on the beginning-of-the-month loan balance and is paid at each month-end. If an excess balance of cash exists, loans are repaid at the end of the month. Operating expenses are paid in the month incurred and consist of sales commissions (10% of sales), office salaries ($4,800 per month), and rent ($7,300 per month).

PART 1:  Prepare a cash receipts budget for July, August, and September. (Negative balances and Loan repayment amounts (if any) should be indicated with minus sign. Enter your final answers in whole dollars.)

PART 2: ) Prepare a cash budget for each of the months of July, August, and September.