4) In 2011, researchers discovered bacterial cells possessing human genes, they found that more than 10% of a Neisseria gonorrhoeae population, the species responsible for gonorrhea, contained a human DNA fragment. This fragment was not found in other species of Neisseria. How might a bacterial cell have acquired human DNA? Explain

9) Describe pGLO plasmid genes and how we can prove that the transformation was successful         

10) On which of the plates would you expect to find bacteria most like the original non-transformed E. coli colonies you initially observed? Explain.         

Topic: exercise addiction

Directions:

•Present information from three sources of information on a topic in applied psychology of exercise addiction-the chosen topic is exercise addiction

•Summarize psychology research findings that have been applied to solve the problem or make a specific improvement to exercise addiction

•Describe the methods used in the research with exercise addition

•Apply findings from research to solve practical human factor problems surrounded around exercise addiction

•Describe how the application benefits human health or well-being of exercise addiction

•Describe how the application benefits human health or well-being.

(10 Point) The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic of indicators, which are used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
a. What are the main factors taken into consideration when constructing the new HDI (the sub-elements of the index)?

b. How is the new HDI calculated (the equation)? c. Following countries has HDI values as

Bangladesh 0.515; Canada 0.911;
Russian Federation 0.78; China 0.699;

Burkina Faso 0.343
What can you tell about their development level? Please consider cutoff points of new HDI for the four categories of human development achievements.

answer all

(b) AI often produces accurate results as it functions based on a set of programmed rules. As for human intelligence, there is usually a room for “human errors” as certain details may be missed at one point or the other. Justify in ten points how you can relate the statement to decision making algorithms.

(c) The human brain uses about 25watts while modern computers only generally use 2 watts in normal information processing. If this normality becomes the other way instead, give in five points what could be the reasons in each case of swap.

While we are still far from “Transcendence” -style artificial intelligence — like uploading human consciousness to software programs, at the rate we are going in technological innovations and in terms of the convergence between our noted three worlds ( the physical world, the virtual or digital world, and our very own intellectual world “inside our brain”), we could someday digitize the human brain, and reproduce cognitive intelligence and emotions, machines and computers that can totally replace human insight.

What are the pros and cons of this technological evolution and what kind of implications would this have on an individual and our society as whole?

1. During the past several decade's significant progress has been made in our understanding of the process of DNA replication in eukaryotes.  Although the basic mechanisms of replication are similar to prokaryotes, significant differences are also apparent.  In contrast to prokaryotes where a single DNA directed DNA polymerase (pol III) catalyzes the formation of both leading and lagging strands, two distinct DNA directed DNA polymerases catalyze leading and lagging strand syntheses in eukaryotes. The features of these two replicates are listed below.

                              *depends on the source of the enzyme

a.  Describe/diagram what is meant by leading and lagging strands.  

b. Based on the information given above, which polymerase catalyzes the leading strand synthesis?  Which catalyzes lagging strand synthesis?   Which property or properties of the enzymes are relevant to your answer?  Why?  Explain in detail.

2. Sigma protein by itself cannot bind to promoters.  Predict the effect of a mutation enabling sigma to bind to the –10 region in the absence of other subunits of RNA polymerase.

1. This activity investigates the production of glucose on a small scale. The following analysis demonstrates what it would take to scale up the operation

a. The test stripes measure the concentration of glucose in solution in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). There are 100 mL per deciliter. Calculate how many milligrams of glucose are produced in 10 mL of solution if the test strip reads 1000 mg/dL. Hint: Be sure to use conversion factors and keep track of units.

b. Assume that the pretreatment process uses 0.5 g grass and 0.5 mL enzyme to generate 500 mg/dL of glucose in 10 mL of solution. How much grass and enzyme would you need to produce 5 g of glucose?

c. Calculate how much ethanol (in liters) would be produced from 5 g of glucose, assuming that you could distill 51.1 mg of ethanol made by yeast with 1 g of glucose. The density of ethanol is 0.789 g/L.

d. Fuels in the united states are generally expressed in gallon quantities. Calculate how many gallons of ethanol would be produced from 500 g of glucose. (1 L = 0.264 U.S. gallon)

fill in sentences from the following list below

ADP

AGAINST

ATP

ATP SYNTHASE

DOWN

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

ELECTRONS

ER

INNER

NADH

NADPH

OUTER

PHOTOSYSTEMS

PROTONS

RUBISCO

THYLAKOID

The light reactions of photosynthesis use light energy to manufacture two types of energy-rich molecules: _______ and the electron carrier ________. Photons are captured by protein complexes with embedded chlorophyll molecules and other pigments.  These complexes are known as ___________.  One of them absorbs light most efficiently at 680 nm, the other absorbs best at 700 nm. The complexes are inserted in the _______ membranes of chloroplasts. Absorbed light energy is directed to "special pairs" of chlorophyll molecules, dislodging  ___________ (protons/ electrons). These particles are then passed on to a series of four protein complexes and pigments, also arranged in the membrane. The series is collectively known as a(n) ________. As the particles are passed from one member of the series to the next, some of the energy they release is used to pump________ across the membrane, generating an electrochemical gradient. The ________ (protons/ electrons) diffuse back _____________ (against/ down) their gradient, passing through the enzyme ___________. The kinetic energy of the particle stream causes the enzyme to rotate at great speed, giving it the energy to phosphorylate molecules of _______________, producing the universal energy carrier ___________________.  

Background

Numerous studies have shown that the intracellular redox potential of the cell is important to cell growth. Cellular redox potential can be determined by the amounts of the reduced coenzyme NADPH, a principal product of the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). The investigators in the study presented here sought to demonstrate links between the activity of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, cellular NADPH concentrations, and rates of cell growth. Previous studies have shown that the glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme can be activated on the order of minutes or even seconds, possibly through the action of growth factors that release a bound, inactive G6PD to the cytosol, where, via a mechanism that might involve tyrosine phosphorylation of a membrane-bound receptor, the unbound G6PD translocates to the cytosol and becomes active.

NADPH is important to the cell in a variety of ways. The reduced coenzyme can react with potential damaging oxidizing agents, ridding the cell of these agents before they can damage important cellular components.

Question

List general cellular mechanisms that would affect the activity of G6PD. Which of these mechanisms would result in long-term (on the order of minutes to hours) vs. short-term (minutes to seconds) regulation of the enzyme's activity?

1.  What is the primary problem with increasing investment to generate economic growth?

A.  It reduces current consumption, which some economies cannot afford.

B.  It can cause an economy to grow too quickly.

C.  The impact of increased investment on economic growth is minimal.

D.  There is no problem with increasing investment.

2.  Erin spent four years going to college.  Joe spent four years getting experience working at a construction site.  Which represents an increase in human capital?

A.  Erin increased human capital, Joe did not

B.  Joe increased human capital, Erin did not

C.  Both Erin and Joe increased human capital

D.  Neither Erin nor Joe increased human capital

3.  Currently, Denmark’s GDP per capita is $60,000 and Spain’s GDP per capita is $30,000.  Suppose that over the next 10 years, both countries experience equal increases in GDP per capita.  Based on this information, which country likely made a greater investment in capital?

A.  Denmark                         B.  Spain                                  C.  They made equal contributions

4.  I build a factory in Colombia.  I bring in managers from the US to run the business and I hire mostly Colombian workers.  This is an example of:

A.  Foreign Employment Investment                        

B.  Foreign Development Investment

C.  Foreign Direct Investment                                        

D.  Foreign Portfolio Investment

5.  If you develop a better technique for stitching fabric together, this represents an increase in:

A. Physical Capital                                               B.  Human Capital

C. Natural Resources                                          D.  Technology