Imagine that you are a scientist that wants to isolate the gene that codes for Succinate Dehydrogenase (an important Citric Acid Cycle enzyme) from a novel plant that produces lettuce. Knowing concepts in Genetics and bringing in biotechnology, how would you go about cloning and further sequencing this gene using Bioinformatics? Please list in sequential order how you would go about going forward with this experiment

1. Answer the following questions about enzymes.

1. How are enzymes named and classified? Give at least two examples.
2. To what class of biological compounds do enzymes belong? What is the significance of this?
3. Explain how enzymes affect activation energy and temperature in reactions

d. How does the modern induced fit model of enzyme-substrate interaction differ from the original lock-and-key hypothesis?

1. Highly invasive cancer cells usually express less __________, a key adhesion molecule.
2. Cancer cells secrete an activator of the enzyme ________ to degrade basal lamina and extracellular matrix and activate matrix metalloproteinases.
3. An individual can inherit a gene in which expression has been altered by an __________ change with no mutation of the gene sequence.
4. Finding the _____ ________ virus in chickens established the first association between viral infection and cancer.

Answer the following questions regarding to the second step of Citric acid cycle (isomerization of citrate to isocitrate)

1. how does the second step of CAC fits into the larger metabolic pathway? overall outcome?

2. enzymes involved. Also categorize the type of the enzyme. explain!

3. Thermodynamics? endergonic or exergonic? if any differences between standard state and actual free energy.

4. regulations?

1. Following information is from the instruction of Q5 DNA polymerase: One unit of enzyme will incorporate 10 nmol of dNTP into acid insoluble material in 30 minutes at 74°C. The temperature of denaturing should be (   ) and the temperature of extension should be (   )

   		94℃ to 98℃ for both.
   		94℃ to 98℃ for denaturing, 74℃ for extension.
   		72℃ for denaturing, 50℃ to 65℃ for extension.
   		94℃ to 98℃ for denaturing, 50℃ to 65℃ for extension.

True or False?
Enzymes are totally consumed in a chemical reaction.
Glucose is a universal food molecule for most organisms.
Anabolic reactions release energy.
Endomthermic reactions release energy.
Catabolic reactions result in the formation of complex molecules.
Starch is used as a building block of complex molecules by microbes.
Phospholipids are a major food molecule to produce energy.
An enzyme accelerates the chemical transformation of specific substrates.

Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of a nucleotide. The end product of the pathway, cytidine 5’-triphosphate (CTP), in turn inhibits ATCase activity. This effect can be overcome by the addition of ATP.

a) Sketch the enzyme activity curve of ATCase alone, ATCase + CTP, & ATCase + ATP. Explain your rationale.

b) The regulation of ATCase activity by CTP exemplifies what TWO types of regulation?

Choose correct answers: Which of the following are true of insulin receptors?

Question 5 options:

A vaccine for Coronavirus is likely to take a longer time than imagined, because the most obvious target of the vaccine should be the external spike protein on the envelope of this enveloped virus. The cellular attachment protein on epithelial cells, which the virus binds to for entry into the epithelial cell, is known to be ACE2, a receptor enzyme. Explain why the production of a vaccine targeting the coronavirus spike protein (S1), is not likely to be successful.