Sanitation (fresh water in, human waste out) is the earliest known form of human leaders/governments taking a hand in issues of waste/pollution. Why do you think it was sanitation, as opposed to other wastes we've examined, that got the government involved? Do you think access to sanitation (clean water and a toilet) should be considered a human right, meaning that governments are obligated to provide it even to people who can't afford it?

Enalaprilat is a competitive inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACEACE), which cleaves the blood-pressure regulating peptide angiotensin I. ACEACE has a KM=52KM=52 μMμM for angiotensin I, which is present in plasma at a concentration of 78 μMμM. When enalaprilat is present at 2.8 nMnM, the activity of ACE in plasma is 13 %% of its uninhibited activity. What is the value of KIKI for enalaprilat?

A 4-month old baby is admitted to the hospital with a fever of 104o F (compared to a normal temperature of 98.6o F) and a decreased blood pH. Why is it critical to reduce this fever as quickly as possible and restore normal pH? Discuss the role and sensitivity of proteins in (1) normal body chemical processes and (2) how enzyme activity is directly affected by changes in pH or temperature.

1. ______ _____ is the messenger that regulates blood pressure by causing arterial smooth muscle relaxation.
2. ______ nucleotides are common second messengers in animal cells.
3. Cells can regulate precisely where signaling occurs within the cell (e.g., in the yeast mating pathway) by association of the signal pathway proteins with a ________ ________.
4. In smooth muscle cells, acetylcholine stimulates activation of the enzyme ____________ __, which cleaves ____ to form the second messengers ___ and ___.

4. a. we learned about 4 different types of membrane cell receptors. describe these different types and give a spesific example for each of them.

b. a certain patient as a mutation that nutrelizes the enzyme that is incharge of Myristoylation of proteins. which of the types of receptors that you descibed in question a will be affected by this mutation? what will be the effect? what is the role of Myristoylation? give as much details as possible.

ATCase perfrorms the first step in CTP synthesis using aspartate as a substrate. It is a wonderful example of allosterism:

a) Describe the quartenary structure of ATCase. To get you started remember that the enzyme consists of two different subunits, of which there are 6 of each for a total of 12 subunits.

b) What are the functions of the two different subunits?

c) what are the allosteric effectors and what is their role in the KM of ATCase?

Question 2-17

You want to maintain a pH = 7.0 for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction that will produce hydrogen ions along with the desired product. At equal concentrations, which weak acid, if any, will serve as the better buffer for the reaction: Acid A, with pKa = 6.5 or Acid B, with pKa = 7.5?

a. Acid A

b. Water is as good as either of the acid available

c. Acid B

1. The high ____________ and ____________ of water makes it stable as a liquid over a large range.

2. The allosteric site in enzyme results in this type of regulation

3. Carbon and hydrogen alone form hydrocarbons, which with respect to the interaction with water may be defined as

4. This organelle in eukaryotic cells may put into vesicles molecules originally produced in another organelle

Thank you very much in advanced!

Describe the structure and roles of enzymes in metabolic pathways. Include in your answer: a. the structure of proteins, enzyme function, and the roles of coenzymes, cofactors and allosteric regulators b. a description of coupled reactions that drive metabolic pathways and the reasons that some molecules are unstable c. a description of the structure of ATP, the reasons for which it is unstable, and the role(s) of the phosphate group once transferred to another molecule.