1. Are proteins, ATP, enzymes, or ribozymes responsible for doing work in the cell?

2. During fasting, what is the major source of energy? Glucose, lipids, water or protein.

3. Can glycolysis run in reverse?

4. Which of the four those base pairing involves, phosphodiester bonds, peptide bonds, glycosidic bonds, or hydrogen bonds?

5. What is the major role of DNA, generate ATP, synthesize proteins, fill the nucleus, or determine cell fate?

1. Significant metabolic changes must occur for immune cells to be activated in response to inflammation.

A. True                        B. False

2. Cancer cells consume similar amount of energetic substrates as their normal counterpart cells do.

A. True                        B. False

3. In C4 photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle obtains its carbon input from___.

                  A. Malate        B. Pyruvate     C. Glyoxylate

4. Before joining the glycolysis pathway, galactose needs to be converted into?

                        A. Fructose-6-phosphate         B. Glucose-1-phosphate           

1. Consider the intermediates and regulation of the processes listed below. Consider how the following processes relate to each, common metabolites and coordinated regulation.
   • glycolysis
   • pyruvate processing
   • citric acid cycle
   • gluconeogenesis
   • pentose phosphate pathway
   • glycogen metabolism
   • oxidative phosphorylation
   • beta oxidation
   • lipid synthesis
   • urea cycle
   • 
     
     
     
     
     
     Write all enzymes that will be upregulated in response to high blood sugar. In the second color, circle all enzymes that will be upregulated in response to low blood sugar.

169. What percentage of carbon atoms in cholesterol are derived from acetyl-coA?

171. For every starting molecule of glucose, how many NTPs are made directly in the Citric Acid Cycle (not including any ATP made in the ETC)?

174. Under actual cellular conditions, how many strongly exergonic reactions take place in glycolysis?

168. How many fatty acid chains are attached to a membrane phospholipid?

ANSWER ALL THE QUESTION PLEASE

Purpose

        The clear understanding of energy transformations (Cellular Respiration) by cells explains how cells can release energy from nutrient molecules like carbohydrates and others. Completing this assignment will assist you in developing clarity of how cells function energetically on the planet. These principles of Cellular Respiration will help clarify the Course Content Learning Outcomes numbered 2 (Understand the basic principles and ideas of chemistry and organic chemistry) and 4 (Able to explain the concept of a cell and describe the functions of its parts) for this course. You will also understand the Campus Wide Outcome of Critical Thinking (See page 3 (Critical Thinking) of the syllabus).

Task

        Armed with a textbook (Chapter 7), the Cellular Respiration Power Point presentation, or other reliable sources answer the following questions about Cellular Respiration. Be creative in how you approach and answer each question. Read the source and then write your answer in your own words so that it becomes your answer. Remember in science there are no “correct” answers but rather explanations of phenomena. This assignment will be due??? (Exact date will be given in class).

Criteria

       The possible points for each question are in parenthesis after the question number. A complete answer to each question will involve being cognizant of the principles of the processes of Cellular Respiration and explaining how the process relate to energy release and how they relate to each other in terms of energy release. Clear answers will have cellular parts labeled clearly with descriptions and definitions that are clear, concise, and will contain enough detail that anyone reading your answer could potentially draw the same conclusions that you have by answering the questions.

1. (6) In your own words, describe the overall goal of aerobic cellular respiration and identify the specific cellular sites of each of the four processes (Glycolysis, Transport Step (the steps between glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle), Krebs cycle, and the ETC) which occur during cellular respiration.
2. (8) Describe the steps of the three major events of Glycolysis: Investment, Splitting, and Harvest to include how each of these adds to the efficiency of the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid and producing ATP.
3. (6) Describe the steps of the Transport Step of pyruvic acid between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle Enzymes.
4. (8) Describe the steps of the two major divisions of the Krebs cycle: Destroying and Re-arranging to include in your answer how each of these adds to the efficiency of the breakdown of acetic acid and producing ATP.
5. (8) Describe the Electron Transport Chain, system, or shuttle (ETC) in five steps or less and showing the major players which run this system to produce ATP.
6. (4) Describe Figure 7.11 in the textbook or why is having a complete balanced diet as it applies to your eating habits, attempts to lose or gain weight, or maintaining a healthy life style.

1)Summarise the structural features and function of enzyme-bound, flavin cofactors

2)Describe with examples, the relation between cofactors and vitamins.

3)Understand the role of metal ion cofactors, and relate to the requirement for mineral nutrients.

1. What would happen if there was an error in the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzyme that has an anticodon of AAA but was attached to a lysine?
2. Can you explain why a mixture of poly A and poly U nucleotides wouldn’t incorporate leucine into a protein?

Which of the following bonds does the cellobiase enzyme cleaves between sugar units?

a) 1-4 glycosidic bond

b) 1-6 alpha glycosidic bond

c) 1-1 alpha glycosidic bond

11. Understand the structure and function of: Enzyme coupled receptors (specifically RTKs): binding of growth factors, promotion of cell division and cell growth, enzymatic intracellular domain, dimerization with binding of ligand, role of kinases and tyrosine

3. What happens to the enzyme and the substrate during a chemical reaction? What does it mean by enzymes being “specific”? Why is the active site specific for only one type of substrate?

Please type the answer. Thanks