1- A scientific study demonstrated that rat mothering behavior impacts the stress response in their pups. Rats that were born and grew up with attentive mothers showed low activation of stress-response genes later in life, while rats with inattentive mothers had high activation of stress-response genes in the same situation. An additional study that swapped the pups at birth (i.e., rats born to inattentive mothers grew up with attentive mothers and vice versa) showed the same positive effect of attentive mothering. How do genetics and/or epigenetics explain the results of this study?

2- Some autoimmune diseases show a positive correlation with dramatically decreased expression of histone deacetylase 9 (HDAC9, an enzyme that removes acetyl groups from histones). Why would the decreased expression of HDAC9 cause immune cells to produce inflammatory genes at inappropriate times?

3- A scientist identifies a potential transcription regulation site 300bp downstream of a gene and hypothesizes that it is a repressor. What experiment (with results) could he perform to support this hypothesis?

4- A scientist discovers a virus encoding a Protein X that degrades a subunit of the eIF4F complex. Knowing that this virus transcribes its own mRNAs in the cytoplasm of human cells, why would Protein X be an effective virulence factor?

If you have TAG molecule in adipose cells, how can fatty acids get into mitochondrial matrix? (starting with TAG in adipose cells and ending with fatty acyl-CoA in matrix; draw the flow and explain details).

Select all of the statements that are true.

1. Membranes can contain lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

2. Fatty acids will form a membrane bilayer in an aqueous solution.

3. Membranes are static.

4. Membrane composition is symmetrical.

Human resource management evolves from personnel management to strategic human resource management, human capital, and talent management. Explain the reasons for this evolution of human resource management.

Describe why Histidine is often found in active sites and is involved in the catalytic mechanisms of enzymes. What role does it generally play in catalytic mechanisms? Draw an example of a catalytic mechanism that involves Histidine as a critical amino acid residue.

In addition to generating reducing power (i.e., NADPH) for biosynthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway also provides precursors for synthesis of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Choose one or more:A.fatty acidsB.aromatic amino acidsC.acetic acidD.nucleic acidsE.citric acid

Demo Problem You are planning a mapping experiment to map several genes in E. coli. You choose the following strains of E. coli:

lac+, gal+, trp+, his+, str^S          X        lac-, gal-, trp-, his- str^R

Trp refers to the amino acid tryptophan and his refers to the amino acid histidine; str refers to the antibiotic streptomycin with S indicating sensitivity and R indicating resistance. Lac and gal refer to the sugars lactose and galactose (glucose is the default carbon source). To assess phenotypes of the various “offspring”, you need to prepare plate media with various ingredients added or left out.

What additive(s) should you include or leave out of the medium to achieve the following purposes?

a. To select for lac+ and against str^s.

b. To select for trp+ and against str^s.

put the following processes of protein synthesis translation steps in the correct order :

A- the next aa2-tRNA attach to the second codon on mRNA located in A site

B- then large ribosomal subunit binds the small ribosomal subunit forming an active ribosome

C- the ribosome breaks down and the mRNA dissociates and protein is released

D- the ribosome small subunit binding to the mRNA

F- the first amino acid moves to exit site and leaves the ribosome

G- ribosome moves on mRNA and by 1 codon this process is called translocation

H- the tRNA is charging with amino acid at 3' OH end

i - the aa1-tRNA carries the anticodon attaches directly with mRNA in the start codon located in P site

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1.A single nucleotide mutation in the third position of a codon more often than in the second or first position

a) has no effect on the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein.

b) alters the reading frame of the mRNA.

c) changes an amino acid in the encoded protein.

d) introduces a stop codon into the mRNA.

2. The synthesis of new DNA requires the prior formation of RNA oligonucleotides to serve as primers. This latter observation is evidence in support of the hypothesized existence of

a) that Crick’s postulate of the flow of information is incorrect.

b) the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

c) an ancient RNA world

d) the abiotic synthesis of organic peptides

3.A frameshift mutation could not result from

a) a single nucleotide insertion

b) a dual nucleotide insertion

c) a single nucleotide substitution

d) a single nucleotide deletion