Five housing policies are described below, based on examples of measures that have been introduced or proposed in the UK, in response to a chronic shortage of affordable houses in many regions.

Drawing on the module material, write an essay that explains, using the ‘demand-and-supply’ model, the likely impact of each policy on the equilibrium quantity and price of houses, and how this might affect the UK’s affordable housing shortage.

• Policy 2

  Landowners will have to pay a tax for plots of building land for which building permission has been granted but no work has been carried out and the plot remains empty. This is to avoid “land banking” – keeping land undeveloped until it acquires more value due to manufactured shortage.

• Policy 3

  The UK government ‘Help to Buy: Equity Loan’ is a scheme that allows buyers of newly built homes to reduce the deposit needed to 5% while keeping mortgage to 75% thanks to a loan by the Government of the remaining 20% of the cost. If buyers stay in their home for at least five years they won’t have to pay any loan fee on the government scheme. The government has also increased the limit of equity loan for London properties to 40% to reflect current property prices.

1) Consider the following, all of which will affect the demand for pounds on foreign exchange markets or the supply of pounds on foreign exchange markets (either one or the other – never both)

State what the effect of each of them will be (will it increase it or reduce it?)

Say whether the transaction will be recorded on the Current Account or the Capital Account of the Balance of Payments.

a) There is an increase in demand in Britain for Renault motor cars
b) French consumers start to buy British beef again.
c) LEB (the London Electricity Board) is purchased by EDF (Electricité de France)
d) Large numbers of Russian students come to Britain to study.
e) EDF pays a large dividend to shareholders. Some shares in EDF are owned by a British pension fund.

2) Explain the effect on the business sector of the economy of a rise in the exchange rate for the country’s currency.

3) A substantial fall in the price of the pound in foreign currencies (e.g., the price of the pound in euros) could be expected to affect physical quantities of exports from the UK and imports into the UK as follows:

(a)    Increase both export and imports.
(b)   Increase exports, decrease imports.
(c)    Decrease both exports and exports
(d)   Decrease exports, increase imports.
(e)   Have no perceptible effect on either imports or exports.

Find an article related to business Ethics and summarize it. The article has to be a journal article not an internet piece. Choose an article in an academic journal and answer the following questions:
What is the aim of the article
What is the method the author uses to reach the aim
What are the major findings and result in the article
Why do you think their findings are important.

How did you feel about your new position as programmer Analyst? Do you feel your academic preparation which is MBA has been sufficient for you to be able to fulfil your current job expectations? Explain why or why not.

PLEASE ANSWER IN 350 WORDS AND IN WORD FORMAT ONLY.

THANKS

Discuss the actions by the banker/advisor as well as her financial institution (like banker and introducer have fraud and other misconduct in house loans) by using relevant academic articles/books/reports. Please search on google and provide the reference link, and use your own word to explain, 200-300 words, thank you.

The Case of Florida State University   (April 2020)

Florida State University (Member of the Florida State University System) has had to convert the entire academic curriculum online.

Has the University become a virtual organization? What characteristics does Florida State University exhibit?

Finally, can a virtual organization adopt a culture?

1. Articulate the aspects of the university environment to consider as they adopt and implement ERM.
2. Describe the differences between formal structural and collegial organizational models as they relate to goal setting, decision making, and leadership.
3. Analyze strategies utilized at one higher education institution to adopt ERM processes to fit the decentralized academic environment.

In 1993, Windsor Company completed the construction of a building at a cost of $2,160,000 and first occupied it in January 1994. It was estimated that the building will have a useful life of 40 years and a salvage value of $65,600 at the end of that time. Early in 2004, an addition to the building was constructed at a cost of $540,000. At that time, it was estimated that the remaining life of the building would be, as originally estimated, an additional 30 years, and that the addition would have a life of 30 years and a salvage value of $21,600. In 2022, it is determined that the probable life of the building and addition will extend to the end of 2053, or 20 years beyond the original estimate.

1. Please Analyze the following case study on the subject of Procurement that involved significant and costly mistakes?

Mini case study – Scottish Parliament: the £431m question

Scotland’s new parliament building cost more than 10 times the original estimate and opened three years behind schedule.                

Official cost estimates changed 10 times and ballooned from the initial £40 million estimate to a final £431 million.

The procurement model chosen for Holyrood in early 1998 has emerged as the root of the problem. A fast-track contracting method known as construction management was used to build the parliament. It works by splitting a large building job into numerous smaller packages that are designed, tendered and let independently of one another.

Its main advantage is to speed up construction, because the overall design does not have to be complete before basic building work can begin.

It does not allow a client to know the total cost of a project until well after work has begun. It is considered risky for the client, which is responsible for running each individual package – in this case more than 60.

The project cost escalated from about £40 million in 1997 to £109 million in 1999, £241 million in 2001 and £294 million in 2002, and finally £431 million in February 2004. There were 18,000 design change orders over the five years of construction, combining

to form a three-year delay. Requests for design freezes on three occasions were ignored. The reality is that construction management was the only contract option for a client

wanting to make an early start on a project that was still at the design concept stage.
It is also clear that this was a classic case of procurement expertise being bypassed. The procurement department at the Scottish Office was not involved in the project. It was

not consulted over the procurement model.
There is nothing wrong with construction management as a procurement route. It is

best suited to high-quality, potentially high-cost projects, where the client is fully engaged, has a clear goal and works closely with the supply side team.

Some estimates put the money lost to delays and backtracking over design changes at as much as £100 million. If one trade contractor has a problem, it tends to ripple through all the others and cause delay and changes. The contracts are with the client, so the client picks up the cost of that.

However, between the extremes of fixed speedy construction management, a host of options exist under the heading of ‘conventional’ procurement. Their structures affect the risk and control over the final design that falls to the client.

The ‘design and build’ route would have seen the project management team drawing up a detailed design brief, which the main contractor then builds. It leaves the contractor footing the bill for cost overruns, but freezes the design as well.

A middle-of-the-road option, prime contracting, keeps design more open, but cuts the risk of costs going up if things go wrong. This is because a contractor joins the client’s project management team, and brings its entire supply chain of proven builders and suppliers along.

Then there is management contracting, where the client retains the design brief fully and splits up the project into small packages to be individually let, as in construction management. However, a professional intermediary runs all of the contractors on a daily basis, although they are still contracted to the client, which pays for design alterations.

Management contracting may, it seems, have given a more stable framework to the project by introducing an industry expert to run the many contractors.

Construction management was not the most suitable procurement vehicle. Sir Michael Latham, whose influential 1994 report, ‘Constructing the Team’, called on the construction industry to move towards partnering in the supply chain, says that full partnering should have been used to share the risk between client and contractor.

Turkish economy has struggled with current account deficits since the 2000s. However, although current account balance had a deficit, an adjustment in current account balance was observed in years 2002, 2009 and 2018. Discuss what type of automatic mechanisms and adjustment policies might have contributed to this adjustment. Explain clearly by being specific about the type of the mechanism and policy for each year.