What is the numbering scheme for naming fatty acids.

2.a Which of the following is unlikely to be a risk factor for Alzheimer's (choose all that apply)?

1. Age
2. inheriting a mutation that causes a deletion of the APP gene
3. smoking
4. inheriting a hypoactive allele of Presenilin 2 gene
5. inheriting the APOE4 allele
6. inheriting an extra copy of the APP gene

2.b Amyloid beta protein fragments (choose all that apply):

1. Result from proteolytic Cleavage by alpha and beta secretase enzymes
2. Are typically greater than 45 amino acids in length
3. Can be degraded by Neprilysin.
4. Result from proteolytic cleavage by beta and gamma secretase enzymes
5. Can be removed from extracellular regions by astrocytes and microglia

2.c Which of the following is a common feature of Alzheimer’s brain tissue? Choose all that apply.

1. Widened sulci
2. Atrophy of the cerebellum
3. Abnormal enlargement of the hippocampus
4. Narrowed gyri
5. Reduction in the volume of ventricles (containing cerebral spinal fluid)

2.d Which of the following is associated with Moderate Alzheimer's disease? Choose all that apply.

1. short term memory loss
2. language deficits
3. social withdrawal
4. loss of motor skills
5. incontinence

2.e Tay Sachs is typically diagnosed:

1. By determining the organelle localization of HexA in neuronal samples
2. By measuring HexA enzymatic activity in various bodily tissues/fluids
3. Through genetic counseling
4. All of the above.

2.f An individual with ____________ Tay Sachs is likely to develop motor difficulties in their 30’s.

1. Chronic
2. Late-onset
3. Juvenile
4. None of the above

1) You have 100 ml of a solution of ATP. You take 25 ?l, and dilute it to a final volume of 1ml. The absorbance of the diluted solution at 259 nm is 0.550.

a) What is the ATP concentration in the original, undiluted solution?

**The molar extinction coefficient for ATP at 259 nm is 15,600 l mol-1cm-1.

b. How many mg of ATP are there in total in the original, undiluted solution?

**The formula weight of ATP is 551.14 g/mole.

2) Fill in the blanks, with one of these 5 amino acids

Lysine/Cysteine/ Valine/ Tryptophan/Aspartate

a) If you dissolve (blank) in water, the resulting pH would be about 8.5

b) if you dissolve (blank) in water, the resulting pH would be about 4

c) (blank) residues would most likely be buried in the core of a folded protein structure

d) Collagen does not absorb strongly at 280 nm. This is because its sequence does not contain many (blank) residues.

e) (blank) can form disulfide bridges in proteins

3) You mix 100 ml of 0.1 M acetic acid with 100 ml of 0.1 M sodium acetate. The pKa of acetic acid is 4.76.

a) What is the pH of this mixture?

b) You then add 10 ml of 25 mM HCl. What will the new pH be?

c) What would the resulting pH be if you just added 10 ml of 25mM HCl to 200 ml of distilled water?

1) The following statements refer to the opiate narcotic, methadone. Select from the following statements the ONE, FALSE statement.

2) What is true about LSD?

3) Jason is having a panic attack. He is suddenly sweating, has increased pulse, increased heart rate, is agitated and afraid. He cannot move some muscles. The condition does not last a long time. It is periodic. The threshold for normal firing (action potential) for the neurons in the brain is lower than normal. Therefore, the brain exhibits symptoms that are similar to epilepsy. Select from the following list, the correct term for the brain undergoing a panic attack.

4) Why is washing your hands frequently with soap good for avoiding COVID-19?

1. Discuss the structural organization of lipoprotein particles such as HDL, LDL or VLDL. List all of the biomolecules found in each and describe their function in the particle. How does their structure facilitate the function of the particles? What does each do? (9 points).

2. Find three diseases in humans where there is a metabolic defect that results in an inability to process or metabolize specific
3. Lipids
4. Proteins or amino acids
5. Fats (lipids)

For each disease, explain the pathophysiology of the disease and the symptoms that an individual with the disease experiences. (9 points)

3. In the scientific literature, find a clinical trial that is prospective randomized as well as placebo-controlled. List the reference for the paper and explain the method of how the scientists randomized the trial and what the treatment groups were. Did the trial you found have any other features such as being a crossover trial or being blinded. (Extra credit is possible if you find these additional features). (10 points)

4. Technetium 99m and fluorodeoxyglucose are two radioisotopes frequently utilized in clinical medicine. Find two specific applications (tests or treatments) for each and describe how they are utilized. (8 points)

5. Describe how DNA is organized such that 46 chromosomes with approximately 3 billion bases are able to fit in the limited space of the nucleus of a cell. In addition, how does transcriptionally active DNA differ from DNA that is not being transcribed? (6 points)

JUST ANSWERS.

Secretion of the hormone aldosterone results in...

Question 81 options:

Question 82 (2 points)

Which type of white blood cell destroys self-cells that have become infected with a virus?

Question 82 options:

Question 83 (2 points)

For the menstrual cycle, the uterus' proliferative phase corresponds to which ovarian phase?

Question 83 options:

Question 84 (2 points)

Urine is yellow, and feces are brown, because the liver must dispose of...

Question 84 options:

Question 85 (2 points)

Genetic material is composed of...

Question 85 options:

Question 86 (2 points)

Which of the following parts of the wave generated on an electrocardiogram corresponds to and is followed by ventricular contraction?

Question 86 options:

Question 87 (2 points)

As the volume of a gas increases, its pressure...

Question 87 options:

Question 88 (2 points)

Which part of the cerebrum instructs skeletal muscles to contract?

Question 88 options:

Question 89 (2 points)

Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will...

Question 89 options:

Question 90 (2 points)

Which of the following is necessary for skeletal muscle contractions?

Question 90 options:

what is an enzyme? what is an ES complex?

how to increase the hydrolysis ability of enzyme?

**Biochemistry**

Clearly explain how the structure of hemoglobin is intricately connected to its function, using the principle listed below as the outline.

• Small changes in the conformation of a biomolecule can create significant effects within a cell. (consider regulation through allosteric activators or inhibitors, reversible enzyme regulation, substrate/ligand binding, coenzyme or cofactor binding and enzyme mechanisms)