As per a published report…” In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nokia was the global leader in mobile phones.

With the arrival of the Internet, other mobile companies started
understanding how data, not voice, was the future of communication. Nokia
didn’t grasp the concept of software and kept focusing on hardware because the
management feared to alienate current users if they changed too much.”

List and briefly explain 2 factors that might have been overlooked by the business(es), referred to in the case

In the 1990s, it was generally believed that genetic abnormalities affected about 6% of a large nation's children. Some people believe that the increase in the number of chemicals in the environment has led to an increase in the incidence of abnormalities, which could have important implications for health insurance companies. A recent study examined 441 randomly selected children and found that 34 of them showed signs of a genetic abnormality.

(1) Which hypotheses should be used to test if the proportion of genetic abnormalities has increased in recent years?

a) H₀: p = 0.06 vs. H_a: p ≠ 0.06

b) H₀: p = 0.06 vs. H_a: p > 0.06     

c) H₀: p = 0.0771 vs. H_a: p > 0.0771

d) H₀: p = 0.06 vs. H_a: p < 0.06

e) H₀: p = 0.0771 vs. H_a: p ≠ 0.0771

f) H₀: p = 0.0771 vs. H_a: p < 0.0771

(2) Are the conditions met for doing the hypothesis test? (Select all that apply)

a) The sample was randomly chosen.

b) None of the conditions are met.

c) The 15 successes and failures condition is met.

d) The children taking part in the study were independent of each other.

(3) What is the p-value? (Use 3 decimals.)  

(4) What does this p-value mean?

a) The p-value is the chance of observing 34 or more children with genetic abnormalities in a random sample of 441 children, if the true proportion of children with genetic abnormalities is 7.71%.

b) The p-value is the chance of observing 6% of children with genetic abnormalities.     

c) The p-value is the chance of observing 34 or more children with genetic abnormalities in a random sample of 441 children, if the true proportion of children with genetic abnormalities is 6%.

d) The p-value gives the actual percentage of children who have genetic abnormalities.

(5) What is the conclusion of the hypothesis test, for α = 0.05?

a) Do not reject H₀. There is insufficient evidence that more than 6% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.

b) Do not reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence that more than 6% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.     

c) Reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence that more than 6% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.

d) Reject H₀. There is insufficient evidence that more than 6% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.

(6) Do this study show that environmental chemicals cause congenital abnormalities?

a) No, the hypothesis test shows that environmental chemicals do not cause the genetic abnormality.

b) Yes, the hypothesis test shows that environmental chemicals cause the genetic abnormality.     

c) This study does not address what causes the genetic abnormality.

In the 1990s, it was generally believed that genetic abnormalities affected about 5% of a large nation's children. Some people believe that the increase in the number of chemicals in the environment has led to an increase in the incidence of abnormalities, which could have important implications for health insurance companies. A recent study examined 366 randomly selected children and found that 26 of them showed signs of a genetic abnormality.

(a) Which hypotheses should be used to test if the proportion of genetic abnormalities has increased in recent years?

H₀: p = 0.05 vs. H_a: p < 0.05H₀: p = 0.05 vs. H_a: p ≠ 0.05     H₀: p = 0.0710 vs. H_a: p < 0.0710H₀: p = 0.0710 vs. H_a: p ≠ 0.0710H₀: p = 0.05 vs. H_a: p > 0.05H₀: p = 0.0710 vs. H_a: p > 0.0710

(b) Are the conditions met for doing the hypothesis test?

The 15 successes and failures condition is met. The children taking part in the study were independent of each other.The sample was randomly chosen.None of the conditions are met.

(c) What is the p-value? (Use 3 decimals.)  

(d) What does this p-value mean?

The p-value is the chance of observing 26 or more children with genetic abnormalities in a random sample of 366 children, if the true proportion of children with genetic abnormalities is 5%.The p-value is the chance of observing 5% of children with genetic abnormalities.     The p-value gives the actual percentage of children who have genetic abnormalities.The p-value is the chance of observing 26 or more children with genetic abnormalities in a random sample of 366 children, if the true proportion of children with genetic abnormalities is 7.1%.

(e) What is the conclusion of the hypothesis test, for α = 0.05?

Reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence that more than 5% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.Reject H₀. There is insufficient evidence that more than 5% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.     Do not reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence that more than 5% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.Do not reject H₀. There is insufficient evidence that more than 5% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.

(f) Do this study show that environmental chemicals cause congenital abnormalities?

Yes, the hypothesis test shows that environmental chemicals cause the genetic abnormality.This study does not address what causes the genetic abnormality.     No, the hypothesis test shows that environmental chemicals do not cause the genetic abnormality.

1. What were the consequences of the "liberalization" of the Russian economy in the 1990s? How did "shock therapy" affect the results? How has this affected the Russian State today? (8-12 sentences)

2. The process of globalization, and in particular the neoliberal world economy, faces many critiques and criticisms. What are some of these critiques? To what extent do you agree or disagree with these critiques? Is neoliberal globalization an inevitability or something produced by historical factors? (Three paragraph essay)

4. Many economists argued that the deep depression in Japan in the 1990s, caused by the bursting of the “bubble economy,” failed to respond to aggressively expansionary monetary policies because the economy was in a liquidity trap. But Koo argues that the real problem was a balance sheet recession. What’s the difference? What evidence does Koo give for this. What is a balance sheet recession?

In the 1990s, it was generally believed that genetic abnormalities affected about 8% of a large nation's children. Some people believe that the increase in the number of chemicals in the environment has led to an increase in the incidence of abnormalities, which could have important implications for health insurance companies. A recent study examined 369 randomly selected children and found that 40 of them showed signs of a genetic abnormality.

(a) Which hypotheses should be used to test if the proportion of genetic abnormalities has increased in recent years?

H₀: p = 0.08 vs. H_a: p > 0.08

H₀: p = 0.1084 vs. H_a: p > 0.1084  

H₀: p = 0.08 vs. H_a: p < 0.08

H₀: p = 0.1084 vs. H_a: p ≠ 0.1084

H₀: p = 0.08 vs. H_a: p ≠ 0.08

H₀: p = 0.1084 vs. H_a: p < 0.1084

(b) Are the conditions met for doing the hypothesis test?

None of the conditions are met.

The children taking part in the study were independent of each other.

The sample was randomly chosen.

The 15 successes and failures condition is met.

(c) What is the p-value? (Use 3 decimals.)  

(d) What does this p-value mean?

The p-value is the chance of observing 40 or more children with genetic abnormalities in a random sample of 369 children, if the true proportion of children with genetic abnormalities is 10.84%.

The p-value gives the actual percentage of children who have genetic abnormalities.   

The p-value is the chance of observing 8% of children with genetic abnormalities.

The p-value is the chance of observing 40 or more children with genetic abnormalities in a random sample of 369 children, if the true proportion of children with genetic abnormalities is 8%.

(e) What is the conclusion of the hypothesis test, for α = 0.05?

Reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence that more than 8% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.

Do not reject H₀. There is insufficient evidence that more than 8% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.    

Reject H₀. There is insufficient evidence that more than 8% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.

Do not reject H₀. There is sufficient evidence that more than 8% of this nation's children have genetic abnormalities.

(f) Do this study show that environmental chemicals cause congenital abnormalities?

No, the hypothesis test shows that environmental chemicals do not cause the genetic abnormality.

Yes, the hypothesis test shows that environmental chemicals cause the genetic abnormality.    

This study does not address what causes the genetic abnormality.

As per a published report…” In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Nokia was the global leader in mobile phones. With the arrival of the Internet, other mobile companies started understanding how data, not voice, was the future of communication. Nokia didn’t grasp the concept of software and kept focusing on hardware because the management feared to alienate current users if they changed too much.” List and briefly explain 2 factors that might have been overlooked by the business(es), referred to in the case.

A run for your money

Developing countries in Latin America and Asia can borrow for longer

Aug 26th 2010

PERU is not an obvious investment darling. For much of its existence, the country has been in a state of default. As recently as 1990 the inflation rate was 7,500%. Yet in the past few years Peru has persuaded creditors to lend it money for ever-longer periods in its own currency. It issued its first 20-year local-currency bond in 2006; its debut 30-year bonds followed a year later. Earlier this year Peru was able to issue 300m soles ($105.2m) of 32-year local-currency bonds. Investors in these bonds are compensated for the risk of inflation by yields of just 6.9%, a once unthinkable prospect.

Peru is not alone. Anxious to wean themselves off flighty foreign funding after the crises of the 1990s, many emerging-market governments sought to build up local-currency bond issuance. Extending the maturity of bonds is the next step. In 2007 around 40% of Peru's local-currency debt was short-term (ie, maturing in less than a year). That had fallen to 30% by 2009, according to the Bank for International Settlements. In Mexico average maturities have gone from 1.5 years in 2000 to seven years a decade later, says Gerardo Rodríguez, who heads the country's debt office.

Asian countries are also trying to lock in yield-seeking investors. The Philippines is pursuing a number of debt swaps, offering to buy back shorter-dated debt in return for longer-dated issues. It hopes to stretch the country's average debt maturity from ten years to 25 years. In Indonesia, bonds maturing in 2011-13 were exchanged in July for bonds maturing in 2031.

Improving growth prospects and lower public debt than many rich-world issuers have allowed Asian and Latin American countries to lengthen maturities. (Europe's emerging markets have proved unable to do the same.) So too has a more professional approach to debt management. For instance, Uruguay created a debt agency in 2005. In the years that followed, it skewed its borrowing to the long end of the yield curve because it expected slower GDP growth, says Carlos Steneri, who heads the country's public-debt agency.

Domestic savings pools have deepened over the past decade to absorb the supply of local debt issues. The number of retail investors is rising as people become richer. Pension reform has led to the creation of funds that are flush with cash and need assets to match their long-term, local-currency liabilities. Most of Peru's 32-year bonds were reportedly picked up by local pension funds. Demand from such institutions explains why Latin America, with its more developed social-security net, is ahead of emerging Asia in extending its debt.

But a well-developed local market seems also to attract foreign investors. In Mexico a quarter of the long-dated local debt is held by foreigners. In the year to July, inflows to emerging-market debt funds have more than doubled to $21.6 billion from the previous year, according to EPFR Global, a financial-data firm. Whether investors are getting enough compensation for the risk of holding long-term emerging-market debt is questionable. But for issuers in a crowded sovereign-debt market, it means fewer trips to the well.

source : The Economist

question:

1.Please state and describe THREE country risks which will be incurred worldwide.

2.According to part (1), please suggest ONE main political/financial risk factor which this article reckons?

3. How can a MNC adjust its long-term financing upon the stated sovereign-debt market? Also, suggest ONE hedging instrument to tackle upon adjustment.

A local town is considering a budget proposal that would allocate tax dollars toward the renovation of a new police station. A survey is conducted to measure public opinion concerning the proposal. A total of 150 individuals respond to the survey: 50 who report being republican and 100 who report being democrat. The frequency distribution is as follows:

Opinion

Favor          Oppose

- Based on these results, is there a significant difference in the distribution of opinions for republicans versus democrats? Test at the .05 level of significance.

- Compute the phi-coefficient to measure the strength of the relationship.