Given the half of the DNA strand: 5'-GTTAGCCGTCTAATATGGTGAGATGTTATAACCCGCAGTTTACAACTTCAA-3' 1.At what part is of the peptide is where Arg located? At what part of the peptide is where the stop codon located? Where is the 5th cytosine located at the RNA strand? Where is the 6th uracil located at the RNA strand? How many Leu amino acids are transcribed? How many Pro amino acids are translated? What is the 7th amino acid translated? What is the 7th amino acid translated?

1. A large protein of 1205 amino acids was produced errors of average 8 mistakes/200 amino acids.

Calculate probability to produce protein with:

1. No mutation
2. Less than 2 mutations
3. Exactly 3 mutations

Give mathematical expression and the number used in these expressions.

Endocrine function of the pancreas include which of the following?

what will most likely to happen to dipeptides and tripeptides.

Amylase is an enzyme involved in the hydrolysis of foods such as

1. which of the following takes place in the small intestine?

   		digestion of pepsin, trpsin and chymotrypsin
   		digestion by trypsin and chymotrypsin
   		digestion by salivary amylase and carboxypeptidases
   		digestion of proteins on a whole.

1. The heart muscle cells prefer        as the primary energetic substrate.

A. Amino acids                       B. Fatty acids              C. Carbohydrates

2. Maple Syrup Urine disease is caused by?

A. Defects in phenylalanine catabolism                     B. Defects in catabolism of branched-chain amino acids

C. Defects in tyrosine catabolism

3. Which of the following hormones causes adipocytes to release fatty acids?

A. Insulin                    B. Glucagon

4. During starvation, the glycogens stored in the muscle contribute to the maintenance of blood glucose.

A. True                        B. False

What organelle does the mRNA strand go to so protein synthesis can start?

What do ribosomes make (produce)?

What are ribosomes attached to? (There are actually “free” ribosomes, too!!)

When proteins are actually made, what is the name of that process?

What type of a chemical reaction takes place to join the amino acids together?

How are amino acids joined together (what part of each amino acid joins the other)?

What is the name of the structure that carries amino acids to the ribosome?

Are tRNAs specific for amino acids?

What are codons and where are they found?

What are anticodons and where are they found?

What is produced from Transcription and Translation?

Where do transcription and translation each take place?

Why is translation called “translation?” ... Hint: what are you translating from and to???

What is the named given to the part of the tRNA that allows it to bind with the codon of the messenger RNA molecule?

What does tRNA stand for? What does it do?

How many different types of amino acids are there?

Describe how translation takes place. (AàBàCàDàEà à à)

What is different about the proteins made (synthesized) from free floating ribosomes (the ones not attached to the endoplasmic reticulum) compared to the proteins coming from the ribosomes attached to the ER?

The human gene for a protein hormone has been isolated. Scientists want to introduce this gene into a bacterial host, modifying the bacteria so that it can be used to produce this hormone. After successfully introducing the gene on a plasmid, the bacteria produced the protein hormone, but the protein was defective, longer than normal, with intervening stretches of amino acids not found in the native protein. Which solution would be most likely to resolve this problem?

Multiple Choice

A. Treat the defective protein with enzymes.

B. Introduce human ribosomes into the bacteria.

C. Start over, introducing a complementary DNA (cDNA) copy of the gene into the bacterial host.

D. Introduce human mRNAs into the bacterial host.

I'm doing a experiment for organic chemistry. I'm extracting amino acids from lentils and quinoa. I know which amino acids are in them. I need help on what to write for the items below.

Introduction or Abstract –

Background – .

Results and Discussion –

Conclusion – .

Future work – ”

If you boil a protein in hydrochloric acid it will break down to its constituent amino acids. Assume that you had done this to a typical protein and then had spotted these amino acids to a spot on the chromatograph. What pattern would you expect to see at the end of the experiment? Explain your prediction.

The structure and properties of amino acids determine the structure and properties of proteins and, therefore, their function. How do amino acids and peptide properties dictate protein structure and function? In your explanation, please include the key terms hydrophobicity, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, acid-base property.

Activity 2: Transcription

Imagine that you’re having a house built. The architect draws up a set of blueprints for the builder. The builder, in turn, has to hire several subcontractors for the electrical, plumbing, and heating systems. The builder doesn’t wish to give up the original set of blueprints, so copies are made for each of the subcontractors.

This same principle applies to a cell. The nucleus contains the master set of blueprints, the DNA. DNA molecules are needed to direct the activities that occur in the cytoplasm of each cell.

When other organelles need to manufacture materials for the cell, copies of the master blueprint are made, so that the originals are not damaged or lost. This process is referred to as transcription. The copies made by transcription will be in the form of another molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA)

There are several differences between DNA and mRNA:

In this activity you’ll transcribe a DNA code into mRNA. The DNA sequence in this activit represents a gene located on one of the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell that codes for a specific protein.

1. Since thymine isn’t found in mRNA, the base pairing rule you learned in the previous activity must be altered. Complete Table 9-2 by entering the appropriate bases.

Table 9 – 2 mRNA Base pairing

2. Looking at Figure 9 – 2, you can see that column one contains the DNA sequence found along one side of a double helix.

Fill in the appropriate mRNA sequence in the second column.

3. The mRNA code is composed of a sequence of three bases along the mDNA molecule. The three bases are referred to as a codon.

ATG is the first triplet on the DNA sequence. What is the corresponding codon?

4. How many codons does your mRNA strand contain?
5. What is the base sequence of the fourth codon of your mRNA?

FIGURE 9-2

Activity 3: Translation and protein synthesis

Having copied the DNA into mRNA leaves the nucleus of the cell and travels to a ribosome.

Reminder: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis within a cell

Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids. A chain of amino acids is also referred to as a polypeptide chain because the amino acids are held together with a type of covalent bond called a peptide bond.

Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by another type of RNA called transfer RNA (tRNA). The codons in the mRNA determine the sequence and number of amino acids being bonded into the corresponding protein.

1. Refer to the mRNA codons in Table 9-3 to determine the amino acid sequence for your protein.

To do this, just match each codon in your mRNA sequence to the corresponding amino acid as listed in the table.

Fill in column three of Figure 9-2 with the correct amino acids.

2. How many amino acids does your protein contain?
3. What is the sixth amino acid in the polypeptide chain?
4. If the sixth triple read GAA instead of GGA, would the sequence of amino acids change? Explain your answer.
5. If the sixth triple read GGC instead of GGA, would the sequence of amino acids change? Explain your answer.
6. What is the name of the bonds that attach the amino acids together within the polypeptide chain?