17. The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling that student speech that appears in school-sponsored publications can be regulated and censored permissibly as long as the school’s actions are reasonably related to legitimate pedagogical concerns was created in which one of the following cases?

a. Tinker v. Des Moines School District

b. Morse v. Frederick

c. Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier

d. Bethel School District v. Fraser

21.

What statement best describes the response of the nation’s courts to the libel defense neutral reportage?

a.   Nearly all courts have embraced it.

b.   About half of the courts accept it.

c.   Most courts have not adopted it.

d.   No court has yet accepted it.

25.

Under the void for vagueness doctrine, a statute will be declared unconstitutional by a court if

a. there was a disagreement about its meaning among the legislators who adopted it.

b. it regulates a substantial amount of protected speech along with speech that is unprotected by the First Amendment.

c. a person of reasonable and ordinary intelligence would not be able to tell, from looking at its terms, what speech is allowed and what speech is prohibited.

d. a judge of reasonable competence and legal training would not be able to tell, from looking at its terms, what speech is allowed and what speech is prohibited.

29.

Criminal libel suits are

a.   barred by the First Amendment.

b.   a problem for publishers in some regions of the United States.

c.   more commonly filed today than 25 years ago.

d.   more common than civil libel suits.

37.

Which of the following was not a reason the Supreme Court used as a rationale in the New York Times v. Sullivan case?

a. A ruling for Sullivan would imperil the civil rights movement.

b. The case was really a seditious libel action.

c. The nation has a long-standing commitment to free and robust debate.

d. Public officials must expect criticism.

6. Which of the following statements is (are) correct?
(x) The nominal exchange rate is the rate at which a person can trade the currency of one country for the currency of another country.
(y) If the nominal exchange rate is 20 Mexican pesos per U.S. dollar, it is also 0.05 U.S dollar per peso.
(z) If the nominal exchange rate is 0.75 euro per U.S. dollar, then a meal that costs 30 euros would cost 40 U.S. dollars.
A. (x), (y) and (z)
B. (x) and (y) only
C. (x) and (z) only
D. (y) and (z) only
E. (x) only

Which of the following statements is (are) correct?
(x) The real exchange rate is the rate at which domestic goods are traded for foreign goods.
(y) An appreciation of the U.S. real exchange rate induces U.S. consumers to purchase more domestic goods and fewer foreign goods.
(z) Suppose the nominal exchange rate is 10 Mexican pesos per one U.S. dollar. If a hat costs 100 pesos in Mexico and 10 dollars in Texas then the real exchange rate is specified as one Mexican hat equals one American hat.
A. (x), (y) and (z)
B. (x) and (y) only
C. (x) and (z) only
D. (y) and (z) only
E. (x) only

Which of the following could be a consequence of a depreciation of the U.S. real exchange rate?
(x) Stan, a U.S. citizen, decides that his trip to Japan would be too costly and cancels his trip.
(y) Jack, an Australian citizen, decides that buying ceiling fans from the United States will now be less costly and doubles his order.
(z) Joe, a U.S. citizen, decides to import less engine parts for his auto parts company.
A. (x), (y) and (z)
B. (x) and (y) only
C. (x) and (z) only
D. (y) and (z) only
E. (x) only

1. Fiat money

Select one:

a. can be exchanged for gold and silver.

b. is found in gold certificates .

c. is not acceptable in the U.S.

d. is accepted on faith.

2. Core inflation excludes price changes in food and energy because these price chang-es

Select one:

a. may not be related to a trend in the economy's overall price level.

b. may be related to trend factors in the economy's overall price level.

c. are not volatile.

d. show a constant inflation rate.

3. Which of the following is seen as a benefit to society in moving away from using checks to electronic banking?

Select one:

a. processing checks is a capital-intensive process

b. electronic banking is a labor-intensive process

c. processing checks is less costly than electronic banking

d. electronic banking is a more efficient process than check clearing

4. What agency processes most of the electronic payments?

Select one:

a. the Treasury

b. the Congress

c. the FDIC

d. the Fed

5. Disinflation

Select one:

a. is the same thing as deflation.

b. is a slowdown in the rate of inflation.

c. is a persistent decline in the level of prices.

d. is usually considered a bad thing.

6. To combat unemployment the government should use fiscal and monetary policies to

Select one:

a. run a deficit and increase the money supply.

b. run a deficit and decrease the money supply.

c. run a surplus and increase the money supply.

d. run a surplus and decrease the money supply.

7. Government demand-management policies that are used to try to increase the equi-librium level of output in the economy are known as

Select one:

a. expansionary policies.

b. fiscal dividends.

c. output policies.

d. laissez-faire policies.

8. Although prices in the United States and France may be stable, changes in the ex-change rate between dollars and euros can make the actual cost of trade more expensive for one or the other.

Select one:

a. true

b. false

REWORD THE TEXT TO 6TH GRADE LEVEL DO NOT USE ONLINE SOURCES PLEASE

• Obama was expected to give his keynote speech on Tuesday night 27 July. Before his presentation, some Obama advisors were worried, because it was the first time he had used a teleprompter.Obama soon went into a brief autobiographical session talking about his grand-dad made a living by working as a servant for the British, to his own dad who had got a scholarship so that he could come to the United States. Then talked about his mother's family, explaining his grandfather fighting in World War II under Patton while his grandmother was working and taking care of his mom..  

• He spoke about the simple librety enunciated in the Declaration of Independence, and he said in the 2004 election he thought was a time to reassure these values and remember that "We have more work to do." He then went on to mention several Americans he met who weren’t doing good with jobs, healthcare, and education, saying that "they don't expect the government to fix all their problems, but they hope, deep in their hearts, that with just a small change in priorities, we can ensure that every child in America has a fair shot at life and that the doors in opportunity remain open to all.In the next piece of his speech, Obama addressed John Kerry, stating his core principles and convictions on a variety of topics, interrupted by a tale of a young Marine he had met and affirmed that when military action is conducted, the families and soldiers involved must be looked after and that there is a duty to never go to war without adequate troops to win the war, secure peace and gain world respect. "Obama subsequently returned to Kerry and expressed his determination to keep America safe. Obama then discussed the notions of community and cohesion in America that individuals suffering elsewhere affects us even though we are not directly involved in it.

Pulp and paper production is the third largest industrial polluter to air, water, and land in the United States. The main components of pulp mill related pollution are chlorine and chlorine based materials, sulfur, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide. With regard to water pollution, chlorine and compounds of chlorine are used in the bleaching of wood pulp, especially chemical pulps produced by the kraft process or sulfite process. Plants using elemental chlorine produced significant quantities of dioxins that are persistent organic pollutants that are one of the most toxic human-released pollutants. The used process water from a pulp mill contains a lot of organic material such as lignin and other organic material from the trees, including chlorinated organic material. The presence of these organic substances results in high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). There are 24 paper and pulp mills located along the Lower Fox River in Wisconsin. The Fox River is the largest tributary of Lake Michigan. There are many communities along the banks of the Fox River, such as Green Bay and the Fox Cities, that are directly impacted by pollution from these pulp and paper mills. In addition, the Fox River is used almost daily for recreational activities.

(a) If the State of Wisconsin were to use a regulatory approach to control this pollution of the Fox River, what are some alternative standards it might consider? How would you rank these alternatives in terms of economic efficiency?

(b) If the State of Wisconsin were to use a Pigouvian tax approach to control this pollution of the Fox River, what are some alternative tax approaches it might consider? How would you rank these alternatives in terms of economic efficiency?

(c) What would a cap-and-trade approach look like? How would it be designed? (d) What would a Coasian solution look like? How well do you think it would work?

（Please type all the answer, do not handwriting,thanks!)

Pronouns are words that take the place of nouns, noun phrases, or other pronouns. Pronouns can be the subject of a sentence, the object of a sentence, or in the possessive case. A pronoun should agree in number and gender with its antecedent. An antecedent is the word the pronoun stands for. The following is one rule for pronouns.

Rule: Use the singular pronoun with "everyone," "anyone," and "each."

Incorrect: Each player on the girls’ soccer team wants their coach to play them in the championship game.

Correct: Each player on the girls’ soccer team wants her coach to play her in the championship game.

Directions: Click on the blank lines that follow and select the pronoun that agrees with its antecedent.

The Soaring Sullivans

Professional Acrobats' Club

Fan Trivia

1. The club got its/their name from founding member Robert Sullivan.

2. After club practices, each of the acrobats soaks their/his or her muscles in a custom-made hot tub.

3. Nearly everybody in the club has broken his/its wrist at least once. Despite the dangers, club president Jim Chevalier says he considers him/himself a careful person.

4. Mr. Chevalier's wife is the booking agent for the club. She/Her and Jim take care of business issues such as recruiting and finance.

5. Mr. Kirk Lyons, a member of the club, became a hero to a local girl after she/he shinnied up a utility pole and rescued her kitten. The girl's family arrived and thanked Mr. Lyons. The heroic acrobat then gave free show tickets to the girl and them/they . The girl told a reporter at the scene that although the president of the United States is her role model, Mr. Lyons is just as cool as him/he .

6. The local press became interested in all the members of the acrobats' club. Reporters interviewed every single one of them/him . Shortly after the article was published, dozens of people auditioned before Jim Chevalier, hoping he/him would offer them/they membership to the elite club.

HealthNut University’s Benefit Program

This activity is important because as a manager, you must be able to determine the most effective benefits to provide to your employees. There are many variables that impact the effectiveness of employee benefits. Evaluating your employees’ preferences, needs, the industry best practices and what the organization can afford are just a few.

The goal of this activity is to demonstrate your understanding of the various types of benefits available to offer employees as well as the regulations that may apply in your organization.

Read the case of the new benefit program at HealthNut University and select the best option for each scenario provided.

The employees at HealthNut University (HNU) have not seen a change in their benefits offered in several years. Meanwhile, the organization is experiencing unprecedented growth in the demand for its services thereby needing to ensure they are able to retain their valuable employees. HNU currently has 482 employees when combining administration, staff, and faculty members in the United States. Mr. Reuben, the Director of HR, has received approval to create a new benefit program for the employees.

Mr. Reuben begins by collecting both benchmark data from the industry best practices as well as conducting a survey of its current employees to identify what they value in a benefit program. While Mr. Reuben understands he will not be able to provide for every need, he knows the options need to be narrowed down to those the company’s employees desire the most.

The survey revealed the employees greatly value time off in various forms as well as an interest in long term benefits. Therefore, in addition to ensuring HealthNut University offers the legally mandated benefits, Mr. Reuben begins creating the new benefit program for HNU.

One of the most important issues for Mr. Reuben to address beyond the desires of the employees for particular types of benefits is that of ensuring each benefit policy is legally compliant. Which law/regulation applies to the benefits the company may utilize?

1. Lancaster Real Estate Company was founded 25 years ago by the current CEO, Robert Lancaster. The company purchases real estate, including land and buildings, and rents the property to tenants. The company has shown a profit every year for the past 18 years, and the shareholders are satisfied with the company’s management. Prior to founding Lancaster Real Estate, Robert was the founder and CEO of a failed alpaca farming operation. The resulting bankruptcy made him extremely averse to debt financing. As a result, the company is entirely equity financed, with 8 million shares of common stock outstanding. The stock currently trades at $37.80 per share.

Lancaster is evaluating a plan to purchase a huge tract of land in the southeastern United States for $85 million. The land will subsequently be leased to tenant farmers. This purchase is expected to increase Lancaster’s annual pretax earnings by $14.125 million in perpetuity. Jennifer Weyand, the company’s new CFO, has been put in charge of the project. Jennifer has determined that the company’s current cost of capital is 10.2 percent. She feels that the company would be more valuable if it included debt in its capital structure, so she is evaluating whether the company should issue debt to entirely finance the project. Based on some conversations with investment banks, she thinks that the company can issue bonds at par value with a 6 percent coupon rate. From her analysis, she also believes that a capital structure in the range of 70 percent equity/30 percent debt would be optimal. If the company goes beyond 30 percent debt, its bonds would carry a lower rating and a much higher coupon because the possibility of financial distress and the associated costs would rise sharply. Lancaster has a 23 percent corporate tax rate (state and federal).

If Lancaster wishes to maximize its total market value, would you recommend that it issue debt or equity to finance the land purchase? Explain.

Late in 2011, JCPenney made a dramatic move, ousting CEO Myron Ulman and bringing in Ron Johnson. Johnson was perceived as a change agent who could reinvent the company as a new, hip place to shop, just as he had transformed the Apple Store from a run-of-the-mill mall store to an entertainment destination. His vision was clear, stating, "In the United States, the department store has a chance to regain its status as the leader in style, the leader in excitement. It will be a period of true innovation for this company." Johnson proposed offering new products and interesting product lines, such as Martha Stewart and Joe Fresh, to lure in high-end customers. He also envisioned JCPenney as a destination, where shoppers would look forward to spending time browsing the store, similar to the excitement one often finds in an Apple Store.

Unfortunately for JCPenney, Johnson's new vision was a near-complete failure. Penney's loyal customer base was unhappy with the new store and pricing strategies. The company failed to attract new customers and sales fell by 25 percent in one year. Even the major shareholder who championed johnson's recruitment, Bill Ackman, realized that the company had made a new fatal error, lamenting, "One of the biggest mistakes was perhaps too much change too quickly without adequate testing on what the impact would be. " Notre Dame marketing Professor Carol Phillips points out that the company failed to understand the buyer with its new value pricing, no sale strategy. "JCP's CEO Ron Johnson was ... clueless about what makes shopping fun for women. It's the thrill of the hunt, not the buying." The new strategy was a mismatch with the company's existing managers, product lines, pricing strategies, and customer base.

Do you think Ron Johnson changed the mission of JCPenney or just implemented new strategies? Be sure to support your conclusion.

How would you respond to this post?

Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is the process used for calculating the materials required to manufacture a product.  A common approach companies use is called just in case inventory which requires huge inventories to stock all materials needed for manufacturing a product before they are required (Vonderembse, 2013).  This process may sound like a great idea but is very costly in requiring extensive warehouse space and monies tied up in inventory.  If companies that utilize MRP they will be able to free up these costs without effecting deliveries to customers and also could provide these products at a lower cost.  The MRP is processed with a computerized information system that uses the information from the Master Schedule File, Bill of Materials File and Inventory file to determine a more precise amount of inventory to have on hand.

I work for Sharp Electronics Americas and when it pertains to MRP we need to be sure we have enough supplies and parts in stock for our USA Sales and Service Distributors.  In the past we used to utilize the just in case inventory process and have numerous warehouses throughout the United States.  We would also encourage our dealer chain to have an extra amount of inventory on hand as well.  About 5 years ago we partnered with a company called Tech Data which specializes in a more just in time logistics system.  They are able to take an order from one of our dealers and have it delivered to them in 24 to 48 hours.  Utilizing Tech Data allowed us to eliminate all of our warehouses, which saved us a tremendous amount of money.  This also allowed our dealers to not store and tie up resources stock pilling inventory.  We utilize SAP to process the correct amount of product to order from our factory and have in hand at the Tech Data warehouse facility.