Question:

An outbreak of betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 began in Wuhan, China in December 2019. COVID-19, the disease associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, rapidly spread to produce a global pandemic. Since then many scientists around world try to understand the mechanism of the virus. One of the very important questions that the scientists are asking is that why there is a difference with respect to severity of the disease between infected individuals. We know some factors such as people with advanced age or underlying health conditions such as heart disease and diabetes are more likely to develop severe symptoms. But those do not explain the whole story, because there are plenty of young and healthy individuals with severe symptoms or old individuals with underlying health conditions with mild symptoms. Why might that be? Could genetics play a role? Because we know from past experiences that genetics is associated with susceptibility to infectious diseases such as particular HBB variants make people less susceptible to malaria, or particular CCR5 variants can protect people from HIV infection, or particular FUT2 variants prevent people to be infected by norovirus.

So, a) Please discuss the molecular mechanisms of the novel coronavirus and decide which human genes are possible candidates of most likely to influence severity of the disease.

b) Please discuss if the geographical location could affect the severity of the disease in terms of genetic variation and evolutionary migration patterns of humans.

Specific Instructions:  Provide at least 3 references in an appropriate format.  Use only scholarly research papers for referencing (magazines, blogs, and websites are not allowed).  Plagiarism or quotations are not allowed.  Word count scale: Minimum 200 words.

Please anyone?

Question 10 (1 point)

Which of the following statements is true about productivity growth?

Question 11 (1 point)

Which of the following statements is true?

Question 12 (1 point)

Which of the following statements is true?

Care in this capacity can range from a short-term to long-term based upon the changing needs of the patient. Patient age can range from pediatric to elderly. Care can be provided in the patient’s private home, group home, or assisted living setting. Medical homes fall into this category and are a new focus of Accountable Care Organizations through the Affordable Care Act of 2010.

Scenario

As the Director of Human Resources within a home care environment, you are responsible for the ad- ministration of the organization’s labor budgets. Your Director of Clinical Services, who has a MSN, has presented some challenges regarding the compensation of her staff.

This specific assisted nursing facility focuses on long-term care, providing approximately 500 nursing and support personnel who deliver direct and indirect care to approximately 225 patients representing various stages of acuity and need for nursing care. Your overall labor budget represents approximately 60% of expense revenue.

The Director of Clinical Service complains that several of her registered nurses are threatening to leave the organization, allegedly because a competitor nearby pays their nurses higher wages. In fact, Direc- tor of Clinical Service asks for an across-the-board immediate pay adjustment of an additional $5.00 an hour for the nurses. She is awaiting a response from you before the day is over.

When considering the Home Care scenario in the Allied Health Community, how would you identify the qualifying criteria to receive the potential $5 raise? What type of matrix would you build to apply raises? Would you need to consider raising wages for other staff members? Why or why not? Justify your decisions with specific examples.

1) Government statisticians at the _______________ calculate the Consumer Price Index.

Select the correct answer below:

a) Federal Reserve

b) International Monetary Fund

c) U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics

d) U.S. Treasury Department

2) Which of the following contribute to an individual's human capital?

Select the two correct answers below.

Select all that apply:

a) skills

b) personal beliefs

c) expertise

d) personal preferences

3) Which of the following are not examples of individuals in the labor force?

Select the two correct answers below.

Select all that apply:

a) accountants

b) those receiving unemployment benefits

c) retirees

d) stay at home mothers

4) GDP includes spending on medical care, but does not address ________________, which indicates that GDP has limitations when it comes to measuring the well-being of society in terms of health.

Select the two correct answers below.

Select all that apply:

a) whether life expectancy has risen or fallen

b) how difficult it is to become a doctor

c) high pharmaceutical costs

d) whether infant mortality has risen or fallen

5) On the subject of the "New Economy" controversy, pessimists argue that _______________.

Select the correct answer below:

a) there is no real proof that productivity is higher than it's been previously

b) even five or ten years of stronger productivity growth does not prove that higher productivity will last for the long term

c) current productivity growth is only sustainable with careful regulation of technology

d) the extraordinary advances in communications and information technology of the 1990s will generate higher average productivity growth for decades to come

Drawing on the readings, discuss your experiences with health and illness until this point in your life. This doesn’t have to be you specifically; it could be observations of a family member, a fictional friend, or a community acquaintance, or a combination of several experiences or observations.

Discuss The use of the biomedical system- how did the physician interact with you or the patient? (holistic vs. object vs. bio-chemical process).

The use of the ‘lay referral system’ – did you or the person you know get the advice or referral that they were looking for?

The experience of power/knowledge inherent in the medical realm- have you experienced or observed this? How? What did you think of it?

Reading references

Crinson, I., & Martino, L. (2017). Section 1: The theoretical perspectives and methods of enquiry of the sciences concerned with human behaviour. In Concepts of Health, Wellbeing and Illness, and the Aetiology of Illness. Accessed at: http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4a-concepts-health-illness/section1

Crinson, I., & Martino, L. (2017). Section 2: Illness as a social role. In Concepts of Health, Wellbeing and Illness, and the Aetiology of Illness. Accessed at: http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4a-concepts-health-illness/section2

Crinson, I., & Martino, L. (2017). Section 6: Impairment, disability and handicap. In Concepts of Health, Wellbeing and Illness, and the Aetiology of Illness. Accessed at: http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/medical-sociology-policy-economics/4a-concepts-health-illness/section4

Mechanic, D. (1972). Sociology and public health: perspectives for application. American Journal of Public Health, 62(2),147-151. Accessed at: http://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.62.2.147 or to download here.

Multiple choice: All of the following statements about evolution are true except:

A) It is a change in the frequency of particular alleles within a population over time.

B) Every mutation occurring in an organism’s DNA leads to genetic changes that are beneficial and adaptive.

C) When an animal selects a mate based on particular features or behaviors, the offspring that result will be better adapted than would those arising from a purely random mate choice.

D) Darwin’s theory of evolution easily accounts for simple refinements in form (i.e., adaptations); however, novel or dramatic changes in form require an understanding of modern discoveries taken from cell and molecular biology.

Multiple choice: The phrase “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”:

A) Explains why developmentally, human hearts don’t form directly having 4-chambers, rather they undergo a sequential formation that begins with 2, then 3, then 4 chambers.

B) Is used to explain why all chordates, including humans have gills at some time during their embryonic development.

C) Supports the idea that physical features you acquire during your lifetime can be passed on to your offspring.

D) Has been entirely rejected by the scientific community as an obsolete idea.

E) a and b

Choose the FALSE statement:

A) Relative to the fossil record or comparative morphology, the closeness of the evolutionary relationship between humans and chimpanzees is most clearly demonstrated by comparing their DNA sequences.

B) The idea that “ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny” provides a basis for studying an organism’s evolutionary history by examining the details of its embryonic development.

C) Fossilization is such a common occurrence in nature that we should expect to find a complete record of the entire history of life going back at least 3.5 billion years.

Question1. Selective toxicity to microbes can minimize side-effects in antibiotics. Which of the following categories of drugs may show toxicity due to the binding of human mitochondrial 70S ribosomes?

A. Folate pathway inhibitors, like trimethoprim-sulfa

B. Drugs that interfere with the cell membrane, like daptomycin

C. Cell wall inhibitors, like beta-lactam antibiotics

D. Protein synthesis inhibitors, like aminoglycosides

E. Nucleic acid inhibitors, like fluoroquinolones

Question #2. Please fill in the blanks with the appropriate name of the respiratory or digestive disease. Use the word bank below to choose the correct names.

tuberculosis pneumonia otitis media hepatitis A dental caries

glomerulonephritis colitis influenza hepatitis C gastroenteritis

A. In the disease, ------------------------ , acid eats away at the enamel on the crown of the tooth.

----------------------- , is defined as infection and inflammation of the lungs (alveoli).

B. In the disease, --------------------- , antigenic shifts can lead to severe pandemic outbreaks.

C. In the disease, Streptococcal pharyngitis, rare complications such as the kidney disease, ----------------------- , can occur.

D. Campylobacter, E. coli and Salmonella can cause bacterial -------------------------- which can lead to vomiting, diarrhea, cramps

and possible fever.

E. In the disease, ------------------------------------ , fecal-oral spread can lead to jaundice.

F. In the disease --------------------------- , granulomas form, and patients can be latent or active.

G. In the disease, C diff, endospore-forming bacteria take over the intestines, causing diarrhea, leading to the possible complication called pseudomembranous --------------------------.

H. In the disease, common cold, one possible complication is ear infection, also known as -----------------------------------.

I. In the disease, -------------------------------- , over 80% of cases go chronic and can suffer long-term complications such as cirrhosis and liver failure.

Analyzing the macroeconomic status of a country examines the behaviors within a whole economy. In addition to the macroeconomic factors introduced in the reading materials, other components must be considered when analyzing the economic status of a country. The first component is the misery index, which is the unemployment rate and the inflation rate combined. Another consideration is the economic freedom index, which is an exploration of the overall position of a country in comparison to other countries. Finally, there is the human development index, which focuses on the people within the economy, not just the economic growth within a country. For this assignment, compare the United States and one other selected country of your choice approved by the instructor. Throughout this course, multiple resources have been included in all topic materials to provide websites that will assist in the research required for this assignment. Collect the economic data outlined in the "Country Analysis Matrix," located in Topic Materials and conduct additional research through a minimum of three readings from The Economist. You must provide citations for the three articles from The Economist. In addition to completing the matrix, write a 250-word summary identifying two major economic strengths and two major weaknesses for your selected country. Focus on identifying factors that contribute to the country's overall performance and support the growth of the economy as a whole. For example, has the country grown primarily through export promotion or domestic growth? Finally, point out any significant differences you observe between your selected country and the United States. Use the matrix you have developed and the readings from The Economist to support your analysis. GCU format is required for essays only. Solid academic writing is always expected. For all assignment delivery options, documentation of sources should be presented.

Background:

Being able to accurately identify specific genes on bacterial, plant and animal chromosomes and then modify them, has been one of the recent goals of molecular biology. Over the years various endonuclease systems, such as zinc finger nucleases, have been devised and used. However, their targeting ability was limited and many “off target” effects have happened.

In 2012, a new term erupted in the biological literature – CRISPR, which is an acronym for Clustered Randomly Inserted Short Palindromic Repeats. In the short time since then, CRISPR use has mushroomed and could easily become the dominant methodology in the future.

Your Task:

The focus of this challenge is for you to research CRISPR, explain how it works, and then explain how it can be used to edit genomes of bacteria, plants and animals. In the case of humans, technically whatever we can do in animals, can be done in humans. This raises significant ethical issues, e.g. are we playing GOD. Explore this minefield and try to arrive at some conclusions about whether we should do this to the human genome or not.

• How does CRISPR work?

• Information on gene gene knock-outs (where a functional gene can be shut down or eliminated)

• Information on gene knock-ins (where a function can be inserted or restored, or single or multiple nucleotide replacements can be used to repair a gene function)

• How can it be used to edit genomes of bacteria, plants, and animals?

• What are your conclusions about whether CRISPR should be used in humans? Are there cases where you feel it should be used? Are there cases where you feel it should not be used? Where would you draw the line?

Moderate prematurity refers to babies who are born between 28 and 32 completed weeks gestational age with a birth weight range between 1500 and 2500 grams. The length of time a baby has spent in the womb, or more specifically the number of completed weeks of frequency, is called gestational age. Based on their gestational age and their weight, premature babies are placed into categories of mild, moderate and extreme prematurity.

• Mild Prematurity refers to babies who are between 33 and 36 completed weeks of gestation and /or have a birth weight between 1500 and 2500 grams.

• Moderate Prematurity refers to babies who are born between 28 and 32 completed weeks of gestation with a birth weight range between 100 and 1500 grams.

• Extreme Prematurity refers to babies who are born before 28 completed weeks of gestation or a birth weight less than 1000 grams.
The birth weight of a baby is approximately normally distributed with an average of 3.4 kg and a standard deviation of 800 grams. i. Calculate the probability of having a birth with moderate prematurity.

ii. What is the probability of having birth with extreme prematurity?

iii. What is the probability of having a baby weighing at least 6 kg? Do you think it is highly unlikely to have a baby with this weight? explain?

iv. A randomly selected baby will weigh more than x kg to be one of the top 5% in weight. What is the value of x? v. Above what weight do 87.7% of the weights occur?

vi. Suppose on another planet the baby (may not be human) birth weight X follow the normal distribution. The probability that X exceeds 4 kg is 0.975 and the probability that x exceeds 5 kg is 0.95. Find µ and σ.