Toflokpo-Crane is new company that specializes in designing and manufacturing small-scale automatic jib cranes for moving heavy loads around a workshop or production line environment. Their primary selling point is the integration of neural network-based imaging technology to enable fully automatic identification of objects to pick-up, removing the need for human intervention. The primary components of a jib crane are the floor mounted pillar (containing a rotational motor), the jib/boom mounted on-top of the pillar, the customisable hoist that can traverse the jib/boom as well as raise or lower a pick-up attachment, the pick-up attachment that allows the crane to connect with the goods to move, the high-definition camera array that monitors the area under the pick-up attachment, and the AI unit that processes the camera input and directs the crane. Most pillars are of fixed height; however, the user can manually adjust the height for some pillars using a handle positioned at the pillar base.

Describe two requirements that you have extracted from the description above (two sentences each). For each, state whether it is functional or non-functional .

Identify the stakeholders in the system with justification

The description above is intentionally vague. Identify as many principal components of the Toflokpo-Crane control system as possible and how these might interact with each other. You may wish to use a diagram to illustrate these components and how they connect (1 mark for each correct component identified, up to a maximum of 10 Marks).

Describe two additional requirements that you can reasonably assume from the above description, but are not mentioned in the description above (two sentences each). State whether they are functional or non-functional .

Product Description: This is a description for a new software product that an end-user wants to have developed. It provides high level information about what the user envisages the product will do.

Tasks: For this exercise, your role is as a software architect on a project team. Your project manager has tasked you with converting the product description into documentation for the project development team using the software project management techniques you have learned. The tasks section lists the pieces of documentation you need to produce.

Toflokpo-Crane engineers are awarding you the project of developing the software control system for the crane. There are two ways that the crane should be controlled. First, an on-floor administrator should access a crane control panel enabling manual control of the crane via a Web interface hosted by the crane (accessible via the local Wi-Fi network). They can also toggle between manual and autonomous mode, as well get a live feed from the camera arrays using the Web interface. The camera arrays are only powered when in use. If in autonomous mode, the crane will be controlled by the AI Unit, based on input from the camera array. The AI Unit and human operator share the same operations. Internally, the control system needs to send requests to the other crane components to facilitate pick-up and movement/drop-off of goods. The pillar can rotate a given number of degrees and the hoist can move a number of inches forward or backward along the jib, as well as raise/lower the attachment a number of inches. The Hoist knows the length of the Jib to avoid traversing further than the length of the Jib. The control system should support different attachments natively, as all available attachments share the same base set of commands. Toflokpo-Crane currently makes attachments for picking up packing crates and goods bags. In emergencies the crane can be shut down using a red stop button on the pillar.

TASKS

Describe two requirements that you have extracted from the description above (two sentences each). For each, state whether it is functional or non-functional .

Identify the stakeholders in the system with justification

The description above is intentionally vague. Identify as many principal components of the Toflokpo-Crane control system as possible and how these might interact with each other. You may wish to use a diagram to illustrate these components and how they connect (1 mark for each correct component identified, up to a maximum of 10 Marks).

Describe two additional requirements that you can reasonably assume from the above description, but are not mentioned in the description above (two sentences each). State whether they are functional or non-functional .

In Python. The file “essay.txt” attached to this assignment includes an essay. The essay includes a couple of sections that are separated by two consecutive newline characters (i.e. ‘\n’) that are shown as empty lines between the sections if you open the file in a text editor like Notepad. Each section starts with a title followed by a couple of paragraphs; the title and the paragraphs are separated by a newline character. Each paragraph includes a couple of sentences that are ended with either a period or a question mark which is followed by a space character if the paragraph has more sentences. Explore the explained organization of the file by opening the file in Notepad before moving on to the programming part. Use this file to write a program that:

1. Displays the number of sections, paragraphs, lines, words, and characters (excluding the white-space and punctuation characters) included in this essay.

2. Lists all the distinct words included in the essay in a lexical order (i.e. alphabetical order regardless of the length of each word.)

3. Displays a sorted list of distinct words included in the essay including the number of occurrences of each word in the essay on the screen. The output list is a two-level sorted list that is first sorted by the length of the words and second all the words of a specific length are alphabetically sorted. A sample output of this step could be like:

Length Word Number of Occurrences

1 a 24

1 I 5

2   am 5

Hint: In order to access all the words of a specific length more efficiently, you may need to create a dictionary including the items in the format of “length : listOfWords” where length is of the type of int that is used to retrieve a list including all the words of that length as the value. Assumptions and requirements

1. The file does not include any punctuation mark other than period, comma, or question mark.

2. There is either one space or a comma followed by a space between two consecutive words in a sentence.

3. There is no digit or apostrophe character included in the file.

4. This program is case-insensitive for the first letter of the words, however, a word that is all in uppercase is considered as a distinct word (i.e. it is an abbreviation). For example, the words “Air” and “air” are considered as the same word, however, the word “AIR” is not the same as any of the two previous words.

Essay.txt

What is pollution?
Environmental pollution occurs when pollutants contaminate the natural surroundings. Pollution disturbs the balance of our ecosystems, affect our normal lifestyles and gives rise to human illnesses and global warming. Pollution has reached its peak due to the development and modernization in our lives. With the development of science and technology, there has been a huge growth of human potentials. People have become prisoners of their own creations.
We waste the bounties of our nature without a thought that our actions cause serious problems. We must deepen our knowledge of nature`s laws and broaden our understanding of the laws of the human behavior in order to deal with pollution problems. So, it is very important to know different types of pollutions, their effects and causes on humanity and the environment we live in.

Types, causes, and effects of pollution
Air pollution is one of the most dangerous forms of pollution. A biological, chemical, and physical alteration of the air occurs when smoke, dust, and any harmful gases enter into the atmosphere and make it difficult for all living beings to survive as the air becomes contaminated. Burning of fossil fuels, agriculture related activities, mining operations, exhaust from industries and factories, and household cleaning products entail air pollution. People release a huge amount of chemical substances in the air every day. The effects of air pollution are alarming. It causes global warming, acid rains, respiratory and heart problems, and eutrophication. A lot of wildlife species are forced to change their habitat in order to survive.
Soil pollution occurs when the presence of pollutants, contaminants, and toxic chemicals in the soil is in high concentration that has negative effect on wildlife, plants, humans, and ground water. Industrial activity, waste disposal, agricultural activities, acid rain, and accidental oil spill are the main causes of soil pollution. This type of contamination influence health of humans, affects the growth of plants, decreases soil fertility, and changes the soil structure.
Water pollution is able to lead our world on a path of destruction. Water is one of the greatest natural resources of the whole humanity. Nothing will be able to live without water. However, we do not appreciate this gift of nature and pollute it without thinking. The key causes of the water pollution are: industrial waste, mining activities, sewage and waste water, accidental oil leakage, marine dumping, chemical pesticides and fertilizers, burning of fossil fuels, animal waste, urban development, global warming, radioactive waste, and leakage from sewer lines. There is less water available for drinking, cooking, irrigating crops, and washing.

Light pollution
Light pollution occurs because of the prominent excess illumination in some areas. Artificial lights disrupt the world`s ecosystems. They have deadly effects on many creatures including mammals, plants, amphibians, insects, and birds. Every year many bird species die colliding with needlessly illuminated buildings. Moreover, artificial lights can lead baby sea turtles to their demise.
Noise pollution takes place when noise and unpleasant sounds cause temporary disruption in the natural balance. It is usually caused by industrialization, social events, poor urban planning, household chores, transportation, and construction activities. Noise pollution leads to hearing problems, health issues, cardiovascular issues, sleeping disorders, and trouble communicating. Moreover, it affects wildlife a lot. Some animals may suffer from hearing loss while others become inefficient at hunting. It is very important to understand noise pollution in order to lower its impact on the environment.
Radioactive pollution is the presence of radioactive substances in the environment. It is highly dangerous when it occurs. Radioactive contamination can be caused by breaches at nuclear power plants or improper transport of radioactive chemicals. Radioactive material should be handled with great care as radiation destroys cells in living organisms that can result in illness or even death.

Solutions to pollution problems
Environmental pollution has negatively affected the life of both animals and human-beings. The only way to control current environmental issues is to implement conservation methods and create sustainable development strategies. We should find some effective solutions in order to restore our ecological balance.
First of all, we should make sustainable transportation choices. We should take advantage of public transportation, walk or ride bikes whenever possible, consolidate our trips, and consider purchasing an electric car. It is very important to make sustainable food choices. Choose local food whenever possible; buy organically grown vegetables and fruits or grow your own.
People should conserve energy. Turn off electronics and lights when you are not in the room. Consider what small changes can lead to big energy savings. Use energy efficient devices. It is also essential to understand the concept of reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Try to buy used items whenever possible. Choose products with minimal packaging. Buy reusable items. Remember that almost everything that you purchase can be recycled.
Conserve water as much as possible. Dispose of toxic waste properly. Do not use herbicides and pesticides. Use natural, environmentally friendly chemicals for your everyday chores.

Conclusion
Environmental pollution is one of the biggest problems caused by human activities that we should overcome to see a tomorrow and guarantee our descendants a healthy life.  There are many environmental concerns for communities around the world to address. We should always remember that pollution problems affect us all so each of us has to do his or her best to help restore ecological balance to this beautiful place we call home. Learn about the major polluters in your area to protect the air and water where you live. Encourage people to stop pollution, tell them everything you know about this problem, and protest local polluters together. The masses should be educated on the danger of different types of pollution. People should know everything about all consequences of the environmental

1-Which of the following sentences is wrong? (why)

a-) The difference between the speed of the rotating field and the rotor speed in the synchronous motor is zero,

b-) The difference between the synchronous motor and the asynchronous motor is that the rotor is fed with alternating current from the outside,

c-) Synchronous motor and asynchronous motor can be used as generators,

d-) Synchronous motor and foreign excited motor are similar.

2-Which of the following sentences is true? (why)

a-) Asynchronous motor secondary with ring works like an open transformer,

b-) In order to give a star delta to the asynchronous motor, the mains voltage must be one of the phase voltage of the motor,

c-) Overcurrent role is connected between the U-V, V-W and W-U windings before the motor, in order to be easy to protect in asynchronous motors,

d-) The speed of the rotor is equal to the synchronous speed in asynchronous motors with power less than 2.2 kW. In the big, it is low.

3-Which of the following is wrong? (why)

a-) The most common form of starting in ring asynchronous motors is star / delta starting,

b-) To change the direction of rotation of the asynchronous motor, it is enough to change the positions of the R and S phases,

c-) If the operating voltage of the motor's phase winding is suitable for the mains voltage, motors with a power less than 3 KW can be triangularly connected,

d-) Asynchronous motor can be made by changing the rotor of the asynchronous motor.

4-Which of the following is wrong? (why)

a-) Every electric machine can generate voltage,

b-) The highest voltage occurring in the rotor in a 6 pole, 60 Hz induction motor is when the rotor rotates at 1200 rpm.

c-) In the application, lever, pako, automatic, electronic star triangle switches are used,

d-) Stator iron losses are always higher than rotor iron losses in the asynchronous motor.

5-) Pako star triangle switch; (why)

a-) There are 3 connection screws, b-) 3 + 3 = 6 connectors, d-) There are 9 connectors, e-) 11 + 1 = 12

there are connection ends, e-) 6 + 1 = 7 connection ends.

6-) Time role is not used in which of the following? (why)

a-) Changing the direction of rotation,

b-) Starting asynchronous motor with ring,

c-) Asynchronous motors In resistance starting, d-) star-delta operation,

e-) asynchronous motors with reactance (coil) In decision making.

7-) Which of the following sentences contains wrong provisions? (why)

a-) voltage is induced in the rotor winding of the synchronous motor,

b-) voltage in the rotor of the asynchronous motor induced,

c-) the speed of the asynchronous motor depends on the number of poles,

d-) the rotating field in the asynchronous motor There is also a synchronous motor.

8-) 3 ohms are measured with an ohmmeter between the V-W ends of a star connected synchronous generator. according to the effective resistance of a phase; (why)

a-) 1.5 Ω, b-) 3 Ω, c-) 2.5 Ω, d-) 0.75 Ω, e-) 2.25 Ω our.

9-) Which of the following sentences makes the wrong judgment? (why)

a-) the voltage generating mechanism of synchronous generators is different from that of DA machines,

b-) synchronous rotor speed in the generator can be found as the speed of the asynchronous motor,

c-) squirrel cage asynchronous motor can be used as generator,

d-) synchronous machines have opposite emf in rotor it does not.

10- Capacitive operation with synchronous motor ……………………………… .. ………………… ...

a-) connecting capacitor to phase winding ends …………… .. is provided,

b-) rotating area of ​​rotor speed more than the number of revolutions ……………… .. it may be possible,

c-) the excitation current is too high may be possible with …………………,

d-) the speed and the excitation current lowering can be achieved with ……………………….,

e-) in the opposite direction of the rotating field direction of the rotor to the rotating field speed .............................. rotation can.

Enterprise Industries produces Fresh, a brand of liquid laundry detergent. In order to manage its inventory more effectively and make revenue projections, the company would like to better predict demand for Fresh. To develop a prediction model, the company has gathered data concerning demand for Fresh over the last 30 sales periods (each sales period is defined to be a four-week period). The demand data are presented in table concerning y (demand for Fresh liquid laundry detergent), x1x1 (the price of Fresh), x2x2 (the average industry price of competitors' similar detergents), and x3x3 (Enterprise Industries’ advertising expenditure for Fresh). To ultimately increase the demand for Fresh, Enterprise Industries’ marketing department is comparing the effectiveness of three different advertising campaigns. These campaigns are denoted as campaigns A, B, and C. Campaign A consists entirely of television commercials, campaign B consists of a balanced mixture of television and radio commercials, and campaign C consists of a balanced mixture of television, radio, newspaper, and magazine ads. To conduct the study, Enterprise Industries has randomly selected one advertising campaign to be used in each of the 30 sales periods in table below. Although logic would indicate that each of campaigns A, B, and C should be used in 10 of the 30 sales periods, Enterprise Industries has made previous commitments to the advertising media involved in the study. As a result, campaigns A, B, and C were randomly assigned to, respectively, 9, 11, and 10 sales periods. Furthermore, advertising was done in only the first three weeks of each sales period, so that the carryover effect of the campaign used in a sales period to the next sales period would be minimized. Table below lists the campaigns used in the sales periods.

To compare the effectiveness of advertising campaigns A, B, and C, we define two dummy variables. Specifically, we define the dummy variable D_B to equal 1 if campaign B is used in a sales period and 0 otherwise. Furthermore, we define the dummy variable DC to equal 1 if campaign C is used in a sales period and 0 otherwise. The table presents the Excel and Excel add-in (MegaStat) output of a regression analysis of the Fresh demand data by using the model

y = β₀ + β₁x1x1 + β₂ x2x2+ β₃x3x3 + β₄D_B + β₅D_C + ε

(a) In this model the parameter β₄ represents the effect on mean demand of advertising campaign B compared to advertising campaign A, and the parameter β₅ represents the effect on mean demand of advertising campaign C compared to advertising campaign A. Use the regression output to find and report a point estimate of each of the above effects and to test the significance of each of the above effects. Also, find and report a 95 percent confidence interval for each of the above effects. (Round your answers to 4 decimal places.)

(b) The prediction results at the bottom of the output correspond to a future period when Fresh’s price will be x1x1 = 3.70, the average price of similar detergents will be x2x2 = 3.90, Fresh’s advertising expenditure will be x3x3 = 6.50, and advertising campaign C will be used. Show how yˆy^= 8.62841 is calculated. Then find, report, and interpret a 95 percent confidence interval for mean demand and a 95 percent prediction interval for an individual demand when x1x1 = 3.70, x2x2 = 3.90, x3x3 = 6.50, and campaign C is used. (Round your answers to 5 decimal places.)

(c) Consider the alternative model

y = β₀ + β₁x1x1 + β₂x2x2 + β₃x3x3 + β₄D_A + β₅D_C + ε

Here D_A equals 1 if advertising campaign A is used and equals 0 otherwise. Describe the effect represented by the regression parameter β₅.

β₅ = effect on mean of Campaign (Click to select)BCA compared to Campaign B.

(d) The Excel output of the least squares point estimates of the parameters of the model of part c is as follows. (Round your answer to 4 decimal places.)

Use the Excel output to test the significance of the effect represented by β₅ and find a 95 percent confidence interval for β₅. Interpret your results.

Enterprise Industries produces Fresh, a brand of liquid laundry detergent. In order to manage its inventory more effectively and make revenue projections, the company would like to better predict demand for Fresh. To develop a prediction model, the company has gathered data concerning demand for Fresh over the last 30 sales periods (each sales period is defined to be a four-week period). The demand data are presented in table concerning y (demand for Fresh liquid laundry detergent), x1x1 (the price of Fresh), x2x2 (the average industry price of competitors' similar detergents), and x3x3 (Enterprise Industries’ advertising expenditure for Fresh). To ultimately increase the demand for Fresh, Enterprise Industries’ marketing department is comparing the effectiveness of three different advertising campaigns. These campaigns are denoted as campaigns A, B, and C. Campaign A consists entirely of television commercials, campaign B consists of a balanced mixture of television and radio commercials, and campaign C consists of a balanced mixture of television, radio, newspaper, and magazine ads. To conduct the study, Enterprise Industries has randomly selected one advertising campaign to be used in each of the 30 sales periods in table below. Although logic would indicate that each of campaigns A, B, and C should be used in 10 of the 30 sales periods, Enterprise Industries has made previous commitments to the advertising media involved in the study. As a result, campaigns A, B, and Cwere randomly assigned to, respectively, 9, 11, and 10 sales periods. Furthermore, advertising was done in only the first three weeks of each sales period, so that the carryover effect of the campaign used in a sales period to the next sales period would be minimized. Table below lists the campaigns used in the sales periods.

To compare the effectiveness of advertising campaigns A, B, and C, we define two dummy variables. Specifically, we define the dummy variable D_B to equal 1 if campaign B is used in a sales period and 0 otherwise. Furthermore, we define the dummy variable DC to equal 1 if campaign C is used in a sales period and 0 otherwise. The table presents the Excel and Excel add-in (MegaStat) output of a regression analysis of the Fresh demand data by using the model

y = β₀ + β₁x1x1 + β₂ x2x2+ β₃x3x3 + β₄D_B + β₅D_C + ε

(a) In this model the parameter β₄ represents the effect on mean demand of advertising campaign B compared to advertising campaign A, and the parameter β₅ represents the effect on mean demand of advertising campaign C compared to advertising campaign A. Use the regression output to find and report a point estimate of each of the above effects and to test the significance of each of the above effects. Also, find and report a 95 percent confidence interval for each of the above effects. (Round your answers to 4 decimal places.)

(b) The prediction results at the bottom of the output correspond to a future period when Fresh’s price will be x1x1 = 3.70, the average price of similar detergents will be x2x2 = 3.90, Fresh’s advertising expenditure will be x3x3= 6.50, and advertising campaign C will be used. Show how yˆy^= 8.64161 is calculated. Then find, report, and interpret a 95 percent confidence interval for mean demand and a 95 percent prediction interval for an individual demand when x1x1 = 3.70, x2x2 = 3.90, x3x3 = 6.50, and campaign C is used. (Round your answers to 5 decimal places.)

(c) Consider the alternative model

y = β₀ + β₁x1x1 + β₂x2x2 + β₃x3x3 + β₄D_A + β₅D_C + ε

Here D_A equals 1 if advertising campaign A is used and equals 0 otherwise. Describe the effect represented by the regression parameter β₅.

β₅ = effect on mean of Campaign (Click to select)ABC compared to Campaign B.

(d) The Excel output of the least squares point estimates of the parameters of the model of part c is as follows.(Round your answer to 4 decimal places.)

Use the Excel output to test the significance of the effect represented by β₅ and find a 95 percent confidence interval for β₅. Interpret your results.

Have a standard curve and determine the concentration of the samples. Get the mean, standard deviation for the two samples tested in triplicate and run a t.test. Is there a difference between the two samples? These were two different sets of serum (two different pigs). I would think they will be different but let's see.

Questions

As you should recall, glucose is a reducing sugar. There are many chemical assays for reducing sugars such as using Nelson's alkaline copper reagent or 3,5 dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). Why is an enzymatic assay the preferred method for blood glucose?

Convert a typical measurement of 95 mg/dL blood glucose into a mM amount.

The concentration of glucose inside a typical cell is about 1.0 mM. Why is the concentration of glucose inside the cell less than in the blood?

A typical red blood cell has a diameter of about 7 m. Although they are disk-shaped, let's assume they are a sphere and determine the number of glucose molecules in the cell?

Red blood cells are one of the few tissues that rely solely on glycolysis. How much ATP can be made from the amount of glucose in the red blood cell?

Based on questions 2-5, why is it important that the blood glucose concentration remain constant?

Maltose is a disaccharide of glucose (two glucose molecules linked by an alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond). A solution of maltose is tested with the DNS-reagent reducing sugar assay and found to be 50 mM. What would the concentration be measured as if this maltose solution is tested with the glucose-oxidase assay? Explain.

Search the literature, web-sites, wikipedia etc. and find an example of a clinical assay that uses coupled reactions involving an oxidase/peroxidase system. Reference you source and write down the reaction sequence.

Background: Determination of blood glucose is a fundamental test performed in a clinical laboratory. Normal fasting blood glucose levels range from 70-99 mg/dL in healthy adults and hyperglycemia is of course an indication of diabetes mellitus or other medical conditions. One of the more common methods for this determination is to use a glucose oxidase/peroxidase system.
The assay that will be used is called an Endpoint Enzymatic Spectrophotometric assay . Glucose oxidase (GOX) is found in various insects and fungi where it is used as an anti-bacterial agent [4]. GOX oxidizes -D-glucose in into D-gluconolactone with the subsequent production of hydrogen peroxide (eq. 1). Hydrogen peroxide is potent oxidizing agent used by many types of cells to kill pathogens. In the glucose assay the hydrogen peroxide that is released, combined with horseradish peroxidase (HPR), is used to oxidize a dye molecule that is monitored spectrophotometrically (eq. 2).
Many dyes have been used for this assay, but today, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS, figure 1) will be used since it is stable, readily soluble in water and non-toxc

data given
standards 0.726 0.479 0.235 0.139 0.094 0.037 blank
sample 1 0.509 0.48 0.454
sample 2 0.462 0.497 0.539


mg/dL
200
100
50
25
12.5

Chapter 1 –

Know and Understand the characteristics of living organisms.

Know and understand what is meant by the terms biology, histology, anatomy and physiology.

Know and understand what is meant by homeostasis, and what a failure of homeostasis can lead to.

Know and understand the various types of feedback mechanisms and examples of each.

Know and understand the various terminology regarding locations on the body.

Chapter 2 –

Know and understand what matter is

Know and understand what atoms are and what the structure of an atom is, including how many electrons are in each shell, what the atomic number and mass represent, what molecules are, what compounds are, what isotopes are, what ions are, etc.

Know and understand the differences between Ionic and Covalent Bonding

Know and understand what polar molecules are

Know and understand the special characteristic of water which make it important to living things

Know and understand the concepts of acids and bases including what each are and what the pH scale measures as well as what buffers are and what they do

Know what monomers and polymers are and what types of monomers make up each of the types of polymers and the reactions used to build up and break down polymers

Know and understand the basic structure of Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids including unique characteristics of each, and what each is used for in living things.

Know and understand the different levels of organization of proteins and how shape is critical to their function, as well as what can cause the shape to change.

Know and understand the differences and similarities between DNA and RNA

Know and understand the composition, structure and function of enzymes including how to speed up reaction rates, etc.

Chapter 3 –

Know and understand what the cell theory states

Know and understand the differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

Know and understand the names of, the structure of, and the functions of each of the organelles

Know and understand the Endosymbiotic Hypothesis

Know and understand the basic structure, function, and characteristics of the plasma membrane including but not limited to the phopsholipid bilayer, the embedded proteins, the carrier and channel proteins, the glycocalyx, glycolipids, glycoproteins, etc.

Know and understand that structurally, the plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of lipids.

Know and understand the concept that Cell membranes are said to be selectively permeable, and understand the various ways of getting things across the membrances including which require energy and which do not, and what special features or characteristics are necessary for each.

Know and understand the concept of tonicity and what happens to cells when placed in isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic solutions.

Mitosis;

What happens during stages of mitosis and meiosis in plants and in animals.

Differences between Meiosis and Mitosis

What happens to DNA when goes from chromatin to form chromosomes.

Understand Diploid vs. Haploid and in Mitosis vs. Meiosis

Sequence of stages of meiosis and mitosis.

How does cell division differ between animal and plant cells?

Patterns of Inheritance;

Know what alleles, loci, genes and homologous chromosomes are.

Know the concepts of Mendel’s research and his law of segregation.

Know the differences between a phenotype, a genotype and a gamete.

Understand basic dominant/recessive concepts including being able to answer problems and do punnet squares, as well as understanding test crosses and monohybrid and dihybrid crosses.

Understand codominance, sex-linked inheritance, polygenic inheritance and incomplete dominance including being able to answer problem questions regarding them.

Understand what a karyotype is, how it is performed, and what it can be used for. Also, ways the cells can be obtained to create the karyotype. Know what non-disjunction means, and what monosomy and trisomy mean.

Cellular Respiration

Know and understand the basic concepts and principles of Cellular Respiration including the stages, overall reactions, and main concepts, and molecules participating in the reactions.

DNA

Know and Understand that DNA is the hereditary material found in cells, and know it’s structure, composition, and replication method and be able to compare it to RNA’s. Also know the different types of RNA and their function.

Be familiar with the flow of inherited information from DNA → RNA → protein. And know the concepts of transcription and translation including where each occurs and what each does.

Know the different types of Gene mutations and causes and affects of mutations.

Cancer;

Know the differences between normal cells and cancer cells, as well as how cancer develops and progresses.

Know what apoptosis refers to.

Know possible causes of and treatments for cancer, as well as how to protect yourself against cancer.

Chapter 5 -

Tissues –

Know and understand the differences between the various types of tissues covered including characteristic features and where you might expect to find the tissue.

Know and understand how we categorize the various types of epithelial tissues including shapes and numbers of layers including different types epithelial cells as well as exocrine and endocrine glands.

Know and understand the difference between Neurons and Neuroglial Cells including the basic anatomy of a neuron

Know and understand the differences between the 3 Types of Muscle Cells

Know and understand the differences between the various types of connective tissues covered including characteristic features and where you might expect to find it.

Integument –

Know and understand the functions of the integument

Know and understand the anatomy of the skin, including the various layers and their features

Know and understand the physiology of how nutrients are supplied to the skin

Know and understand what happens with injuries to the skin, including severe burns

Know and understand the different types of skin cancer

Bone and Skeletal System –

Know and understand the functions of the skeletal system

Know and understand the different parts of the Axial Skeleton that we went over in class

Know and understand the different parts of the Appendicular Skeleton that we went over in class

Know and understand the structure of bone, including the various types of cells in bone

Know and understand the special features and characteristics of bone

Know and understand the different parts of different types of bones

Know and understand the 2 methods of bone development that we discussed

Know and understand the process of the healing of a fracture

Know and understand the concept of bone remodeling

Know and understand what a bursa is and what bursitis is

Know and understand the differences between the various types of joints

Know and understand the various motions of the skeletal system

Know and understand the concept of how Osteoporosis develops

Know the anatomy of any specific bones we discussed in lecture

Nervous System –

Know and understand what a Neuron is and it’s anatomy

Know and understand what Neuroglial tissue is

Know and understand an Action Potential and how it occurs and travels down an axon, including refractory period

Know and understand white matter of CNS vs. Gray matter

Know and understand peripheral vs. central nervous system

Know and understand Saltatory vs. standard conduction

Know and understand synapses and neurotransmitters

Know and understand the different parts of the autonomic nervous system including Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems and Dual Innervation

Know and understand the different parts of human brain and especially the cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata and what the corpus callosum is

Know and understand the parts of a Reflex arc as well as the anatomy of the spinal cord and the dorsal and ventral roots as well as the dorsal root ganglion

Know and understand the anatomy involved in the processes of hearing and vision

Know and understand the physiology involved in the processes of hearing and vision, including being able to trace light and/or sound waves as they enter the body and are processed as sight or hearing.

Know and understand CSF and the various meninges of the brain and spinal cord

Know and understand the anatomy of spinal nerves and the concept of dermatomes

Muscles and Muscular System

Know and understand the anatomical structure of muscle fibers and muscles

Know and understand the cellular level features of muscle including sarcoplasmic reticulum and the relationship between thin and thick filaments

Know and understand the various layers of connective tissue covering in muscle fibler and muscles

Know and understand what is meant by the origin and the insertion of muscles

Know and understand the concept of how muscles get stimulated by nerves

Know and understand the principles of how a muscle contracts

Know and understand what is meant by the various types of muscle contraction are

Know and understand the differences between fast and slow twitch muscle fibers

Know and understand the concepts of recruitment, twitch, tetany, and fatigue

Know the anatomy of and the origin and insertion of the muscles we discussed in lecture

Complete the coding/testing of the heap sort method we began in class. Then modify your program so that it outputs a comparison of the actual number of swaps it performs to the predicted number of swaps, and a comparison of the actual sort effort to the predicted and minimum sort effort. The output should be formatted exactly as shown below.
Actual swaps = xxxx; Predicted swaps = xxxx
Actual sort effort = xxxx; Predicted sort effort = xxxx; Min sort effort = xxxx
As discussed in class, the minimum sort effort is nlog2n. The predicted sort effort is 3nlog2n, and the predicted number of swaps is two thirds of the predicted sort effort (see pg 457/458).
To do this:
• modify the project class to include two static integer class level variables that will store
the actual number of comparisons and actual number of swaps required to perform a sort.
• modify the swap method to count the number of swaps by incrementing one of the class
level variables.
• modify the reheapDownward method to keep track to the sort effort by incrementing one
of the class level variables whenever a comparison is made.
• modify the main method to product the two lines of required output.

This is the class, I am using
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Random;
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;

public class HeapSortTemplate
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
//int[] data = {1, 40, 36, 17, 3, 25, 1, 2, 4};
  
int size = Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("How Many Items to"
+ " sort," + " n = ?"));
int[] data = new int[size];
  
randomValues(data);
System.out.println("Unsorted");
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(data));
System.out.println();
  
//reheapDown(data.length, data, 0);
heapSort(data);
  
//reheapDownward(data.length, data, 0);
System.out.println("Sorted");
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(data));
}
  
public static void heapSort(int[] data)
{ // Step 1:
// do nothing, just think 2n+_1, 2n+2 (then every arrray OK)
// Step 2: // use reheap down to do this
for(int ip = data.length/2 - 1; ip >=0; ip--)
{
reheapDown(data.length, data, ip);
}
// Step 3:
for(int i = 1; i <=data.length; i++)
{
// place root in its correct place in the array
swap(data, 0, data.length - i);
reheapDown(data.length - i, data, 0);
}
}  
public static void reheapDown(int size, int[] data, int root)
{
if(size <=1 || (root*2 + 1) >= size)
{
return; // one node or no children
}
if(root*2+1 == size-1) // one child
{
if(data[root] > data[root*2+1] )
{
return;
}
else
{
swap(data, root, root*2+1); //root and left child
return; //root is not a leaf;
}
// root has 2 children
}
// root has 2 children
if(data[root] > data[root*2+1] && data[root] > data[root*2+2])
{
return; // root larger than oth children
}
else
{
if(data[root*2+1] > data[root*2+2]) // left child larger
{
swap(data, root, root*2+1);
reheapDown(size, data, root*2+1); //<*** use size
}
else // right child larger
{
swap(data, root, root*2+2);
reheapDown(size, data, root*2+2); //<** use size
}
}
}
public static void randomValues(int[] data) // random numbers from 0 to 999, no duplicates
{ Random rn = new Random();
int r = -1;
boolean duplicate;
data[0] = rn.nextInt(data.length);
  
for(int index = 1; index < data.length; index++)
{ duplicate = true;
while(duplicate == true) // r is a duplicate value
{ r = rn.nextInt(data.length);
duplicate = false;
for(int j = 0; j < index; j++) // check all the set elements for a duplicate
{ if(data[j] == r) // a duplicate found
{ duplicate = true;
break;
}// end if  
}// end for
if(duplicate == false)
   data[index] = r;
}
}      
}      
public static void swap(int[] data, int i1, int i2)
{
int temp = data[i1];
data[i1] = data[i2];
data[i2] = temp;
}
}

PART I – Prepare a buffer and check the final pH using a pH meter Material notes:

Sodium phosphate, monobasic, NaH2PO4·H2O (Mw = 138)
Sodium phosphate, dibasic-pentahydrate, Na2HPO4·7H2O (Mw = 268) pH meter – calibrated using pH 4, 10, 7 reference buffers (done by TA’s)

Special safety notes:

Wear your personal protective equipment (PPE).

Procedure

1. Calculate the amounts of weak acid and conjugate base required to make 50 ml of 0.25 M solutions of each.

2. Prepare 0.25 M NaH2PO4 and 0.25 M Na2HPO4 solutions, 50 ml each:

Weigh amounts calculated above (using weigh boats) and transfer to 50 ml volumetric flasks using a funnel (e.g., rolled up weighing paper). Fill to volume with DI-H2O. *Gentle swirling and heating may be needed to solubilize Na2HPO4.

3. Calculate the amounts of weak acid and conjugate base required to prepare 100 ml of 0.02 M phosphate buffer pH 6.5. The apparent pKa’ of NaH2PO4 is 6.99 (taking into account ionic strength1). Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

pH = pKa + log[A-]/[HA]
4. Prepare 100 ml of 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.5.

Using a pipette, combine the appropriate volumes of your stock solutions in a 100 ml volumetric flask, rinsing the pipette with DI-H2O into the flask, and fill to volume with DI-H2O. Invert to mix.

5. Check the pH of your buffer using a pH meter: transfer the buffer to a beaker. Record the pH of your buffer.

Note: always rinse the pH electrode with DI-H2O between readings (squirt bottles) and gently dab away the water with a Kimwipe. Store the electrode in the KCl storage solution when not in use.

QUESTIONS:

What would have a lower pH – a solution of 1 M acetic acid with 0.5 M NaOH or a solution of 1 M lactic acid with 0.5 M NaOH? Show your calculation of the pH for each case.

If there had been CO2 in the sample, what effect would this have had on the volume of NaOH needed to reach the titration end point? How would this effect the reported %TTA value?

Is a 1% solution of acetic acid solution the same as a 0.1 M solution? Show your calculations.

From Table 2, which acids could be used to make an effective buffer at pH 7? Which could make an effective buffer at pH 5?