What is a molecule? What makes a molecule organic?

· What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?

· What are carbohydrates? What is the difference between monosaccharide vs. disaccharide vs. polysaccharide? Overall structure (what elements?); Function(s) in body?

· What are lipids? What are the 3 types of lipids? What makes a lipid saturated vs. unsaturated? lipids function(s) in the body?

· What are the proteins? What are amino acids? What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Proteins Function(s) in body?

· What are nucleic acids/nucleotides? Overall structure (what are the 3 subunits of nucleotides?) What types of nucleic acids are there? Function(s) in body?

· What are cells?

· What is the cell theory? What is endosymbiosis theory?

· How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ? How are they similar?

· What structures are found in prokaryotic cells? What structures are found in eukaryotic cells?

· What are organelles and what do they do? nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, Golgi, lysosome, vacuole, plasma membrane

· How do plant and animal cells differ? How are they similar?

· Describe the components/structure of a cell membrane.

· How do molecules move across cell membranes? What is diffusion, osmosis, active transport, passive transport, bulk transport, and tonicity?

· What is energy? Types of energy?

· What are enzymes?

· What are electron carriers? Which one do plants have? Animals?

· What is ATP? What role does it play in our bodies?

· What is photosynthesis? Overall process--two stages Where does it occur? o What is the main pigment of photosynthesis? What does it do? Why are plants green?

· What is cellular respiration? cellular respiration Overall process—3 stages? Where does it occur?

· What is fermentation? What kinds of fermentation are there?

· What does Aerobic vs. anaerobic mean?

1. Put the general step in order necessary to create bacteria capable of producing human insulin.

step 1

step 2

step 3

step 4

step 5

a. splice the human insulin DNA into the bacterial plasmid

b. Cut the bacteria plasmid with HindIII

c. Treat bacterial to induce transformation

d. culture bacteria and isolate the protein

e. cut the bacteria plasmid with BamH1

f. isolate and cut the human insulin gene with BamH1

2. Human DNA cut with BamH1 can be joined to

a. human DNA cut with HindiIII

b. bacteria DNA cut with BamH1

c. Human DNA that is uncut

d. none of the above

e. bacterial DNA that is uncut

3. which of the following could not be a recognition site of a palindromic restriction endonuclease?

a. GAATTC

CTTAAG

b. ATCGAT

TAGCTA

c. CTGCAG
GACGTC

d. GCTTGC

CGAACG

e. GGATCC

CCTAGG

4. Because eukaryotic genes contain introns, they cannot be translated by bacteria, which lack RNA-splicing machinery. But if you want to engineer a bacterium to produce a eukaryotic protein (such as insulin), you can synthesize a gene without introns. The best way to do this is to:

a. alter the bacteria so that they can splice RNA

b. Use a restriction enzyme to remove introns from the gene

c. work backward from mRNA to make a version of the gene without introns

5. The gene for human growth hormone (HGH) can be inserted into the genome of bacteria. The bacteria that take up the HGH gene can transcribe and translate this gene into small quantities of this protein. How is this technology possible?

a. bacteria employ the same genetic code as humans

b. Humans require HGH grow normally.

c. Reproductive cloning is possible only in bacteria

d. The genomes of bacteria and human are similar

6. In the process of gel electrophoresis, DNA segment can be separated from each other based on?

a. the ratio of thymine to adenine base-pairs compared to cytosine to guanine base-pairs

b. the fact that some segments are negatively charged while others are positively charged.

c. the fact that some of the DNA will be single-stranded while others will be double-stranded

d. the length of each base-pair segment

7. which of the following is not true about restriction endonucleases?

a. restriction endonucleases cut in an internal region of the DNA

b. Restriction endonucleases are used by bacteria to cut viral DNA

c. restriction endonuclease can produce "sticky ends."

d. Restriction endonucleases are only useful to scientists if they cut specific recognition sites.

8. you are given a linear piece of DNA Gel electrophoresis and restriction digestion results in the following data:

DNA + Ecoli produces two bands of 800bp and 200 bp

DNA + BamHI produces one band of 500 bp

DNA + Ecoli + BamHI produces three bands of 500bp, 300bp, and 200bp

Which of the following is not true?

a. there is a single Ecoli recognition site in the DNA

b. There are two Ecoli recognition sites in the DAN

c. There is a single BamHI recognition site in the DAN

d. the uncut DNA would produce a single band of 1.000bp

9. sequences in DNA that restriction enzymes bind to and cut are mostly:

a. random sequences

b. symmetrical about the midpoint

c. antiparallel

d. not symmetrical about the midpoint.

10. the single strand ends of DNA molecules can be joined together by:

a. restriction endonucleases

b. DNA polymerase

c. RNA polymerase

d. DNA ligase

11. If a circular piece of DNA has three sites for a particular restriction enzyme, how many fragments will be generated by complete digestion with that enzyme .................

Which of the following is not correct about carboxylic acids? Which of the following is not correct about carboxylic acids? Carboxylic acids do not form intermolecular H-bonding with water. Carboxylic acids are very polar molecules. There is intermolecular H-bonding between the molecules of carboxylic acids. Carboxylic acids with higher molar mass (molecular weight) are not much soluble in water.

Answer digital signatures question. assume Alice has the RSA key (eA, dA, nA) and Bob has the RSA key(eB, dB, nB), where eA, eB, nA, and nB are public, dA is known only to Alice, and dB is known only to Bob.

(a) Describe how Alice could use her RSA key to sign a public message m, and explain why this approach satisfies the objective of non repudiation.

(b) Describe how Alice could encrypt and send a secret message to Bob in such a way that only he could read it, and he would be convinced the message came from Alice.

1. Calculate the angular misclosure and adjust the interior angles. Compute the azimuth angles for the lines BC, CD and DA based on the adjusted angles. Calculate the departure and latitude for the all the lines. Balance the computed departure and latitude for all the lines. Calculate the coordinates for the stations B, C, and D based on the give coordinate for the station A. Compute the final lengths and azimuth angles.

What enzymes are necessary in gluconeogenesis to bypass the irreversible enzymes in glycolysis and what is the basic reaction they are catalyzing? How is their activity regulated, so glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are not occurring simultaneously?What tissues convert lactate back to pyruvate, which can then enter the citric acid cycle?

1.) In the first step of glycolysis, the cell SPENDS an ATP and phosphorylates glucose as soon as it enters the cell. Why does the cell do this? Give two reasons!

2.) Speculate on why glycolysis, which is the beginning point of many catabolic pathways does not require oxygen.

Glycolysis

1)describe the Schiff-base role in aldolase

2)Describe the role of the thioester intermediate in G3P dehydrogenase

3) Describe the differences between glucokinase and hexokinase

4) Describe the reactants/products/regulation for the three irreversible reactions in glycolysis (1, 3, 10)