Match the following drugs with a description that fits it below. Write the name of the drug in the space provided.

Bactrim (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole)

Lovenox (enoxaparin sodium)

Benadryl (diphenhydramine)

Motrin (ibuprofen)

BuSpar (buspirone)

Nolvadex (tamoxifen)

Fosamax (alendronate sodium)

Prevacid (lansoprazole)

Lasix (furosemide)

Vasotec (enalapril)

1. This is a nonsteroidal antiestrogen medication indicated for the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It is used when tumor cells are estrogen-receptor positive. It can be used to prevent breast cancer in women at high risk. ______________________________________________

2. This is a potent diuretic to treat edema associated with congestive heart failure. __________________________________________________________________________________

3. This is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve the pain and inflammation of arthritis. It is also indicated for use to treat fever, dysmenorrhea, and mild to moderate pain. __________________________________________________________________________________

4. This is a nonprescription antihistamine often used for severe allergic reactions (bee stings or poison ivy) and nasal allergy symptoms. It may also be used as an antipruritic (cream or lotion), sleep aid, or cough suppressant. _________________________________________________________________

5. This antibiotic medication is prescribed to treat urinary tract infections, acute otitis media, and respiratory infections. _______________________________________________________________

6. This medication is indicated for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It increases bone mass to help reduce the incidence of fractures, such as in the wrist and spine. _________________________________________________________________________________

7. This tranquilizer is prescribed for a patient with diagnosed general anxiety disorder. _________________________________________________________________________________

8. This medication is commonly prescribed to treat duodenal and gastric ulcers. _________________________________________________________________________________

9. This angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor is indicated for the treatment of hypertension, heart failure, and in patients after MI, when the function of the left ventricle of the heart has been affected. __________________________________________________________________________

10. This is a low-molecular-weight heparin, indicated for the prevention of deep vein thrombosis, which may lead to pulmonary embolism in patients undergoing surgery (e.g., hip or knee replacement). It is usually administered by injection. ______________________________________________________

please answer all of them

The map of the lac operon and repressor gene is presented

   here:

                                                I     POZYA

P is the promoter; O is the operator; Z encodes ß-galactosidase;

Y encodes lactose permease; A encodes a transacetylase.

The genotypes of merodiploids are shown below.  For each one, choose the correct phenotype from the table below.  (The same phenotype can be chosen for more than one genotype)

PHENOTYPE

                         ß-Galactosidase

            No lactose                                with lactose

A)                    -                                               +

B)                    -                                               -

C)                    +                                              +

D)                    +                                              -

I^--P⁺O⁺Z⁺/I⁺P^--O⁺Z^--

Select one:

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

Two students begin a lab project with a 10 kb linear piece of DNA.  They digest it singly with EcoRI and Pst I, and then with the two enzymes together.  The results are listed below:

PstI      digestion yields two fragments, 7.5 and 3.5 kb.

EcoRI digestion yields two fragments, 8 and 2 kb

The Pst I, Eco RI double digestion yields three fragments 2, 4.5 and 3.5 kb.

Choose the best map of restriction sites for this piece of DNA

Select one:

a. A

b. B

c. C

d. D

e. E

The restriction enzyme BglII recognizes the 6 base sequence AGATCT, with the cleavage site between the A and the G, to give A GATCT.  The 4 base cutter Sau3A recognizes the sequence GATC and cuts before the first G.  This means

Select one:

a. there is a Sau3A site for every 2 BglII sites

b. every BglII site is also a Sau3A site

c. Sau3A fragments can never be cloned into BglII sites

d. Sau3A fragments will be bigger than BglII fragments on average

e. every Sau3A site is also a BglII site

. Written presentations should be a minimum of 2-3 paragraphs per each diagnosed condition (3 conditions minimum).

Symptom Presentation:

Adrenalin: Increased epinephrine (catecholamine production) from the adrenal medulla

Heart Rate: Increased resting heart rate with intermittent bursts of arrhythmia

Blood Pressure: Systemic hypertension reported over the past 8 months

Hypertensive Retinopathy: arteriolar constriction, vascular wall changes, cotton-wool spots, yellow hard exudates, and optic disk edema

Previously, you researched and considered three conditions through the process of differential diagnosis that would present with varying abnormalities in homeostasis, metabolism, triglycerides and DNA in week 1. Abnormalities in oxidation, plasma and tissue enzyme activity, inflammation and alopecia respectively in week 2. Increased cortisol and demonstrated bone loss in week 3. Fibromyalgia and muscle atrophy in week 4. Increased glutamate and memory loss in week 5 and neurogenic inflammation in week 6. Given the new symptom presentation above, consider and answer the following questions within written presentation:

written presentation, create a 2-3 paragraphs per each of the questions listed below.

Is the high resting heart rate, intermittent arrhythmia and high blood pressure associated with the increased catecholamine production of the adrenal medulla? Rationalize and explain your answer.

Would hypertensive retinopathy be associated with an acute or chronic disease state? Explain your answer.

What is your final diagnosis? Has your diagnosis changed from previous weeks? Rationalize and explain how and why you have arrived at your final diagnosis?

Within your video or written presentation, please be certain to validate your opinions and ideas while disclosing the sources utilized within your video presentation or written presentation (APA format).

1.  Regulation of protein activity by phosphorylation requires ________ activity.

1. kinase
2. ubiquitin
3. protease
4. phosphatase
5. 20S proteasome

2. Which of the following are substrates used by RNA polymerase in the process of transcription?

1. DNA template
2. ribonucleotie triphosphates
3. deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
4. inorganic phosphates
5. proteins

3.  The ribosome

1. is an enzyme complex made entirely of protein molecules.
2. directs elongation of polypeptides.
3. is organized into 2 subunits whose sizes are designated in Svedberg (S) units.
4. is not used by cells that secrete large amounts of protein.
5. is both b and c.

4. Characteristics of a buffer are:

1. They help maintain the cell’s pH.
2. Their buffering capacity is independent of all other factors.  
3. They must be a strong acid or strong base.
4. Both a and b.
5. Both a and c.

5. Logical use(s) of a cystolic protein would be:

1. To associate with extracellular molecules.
2. Transport through biomembrane.
3. Anchoring and signaling.
4. To activate or inactivate a cell surface receptor.
5. To prevent unwanted molecules from passing across the biomembrane and into the cell.

6. Which of the following factors increase the rate of simple (passive) diffusion of a solute __________ across a phospholipid bilayer?

1. increased ability of the solute to dissolve in the membrane
2. increased hydrophilicity of the solute
3. increased membrane thickness
4. all of the above
5. none of the above

7. The major classes of CAMs include:

1. cadherins
2. fibronectin
3. Ig-superfamily CAMs
4. P-selectins
5. steroids

8. Movement of phospholipids from one leaflet to the other

      a. occurs routinely.

      b. requires cholesterol.

      c. requires flippases.

      d. is impossible.

9. Which of the following plays a role in the degradation of proteins?

      a. chaperonin

      b. ubiquitin

      c. proteasome

      d. b and c

      e. all of the above

10. Reversible chemical interactions are mediated by

1. electrostatic interactions.
2. hydrogen bonds.
3. van der Waals interactions.
4. all of the above.
5. none of the above.

describing the techniques introduced in the Immunology lab and how it relates to COVID 19 testing and research.

all the laboratory techniques and compare and contrast on what can be learned from each of the assays and discuss why multiple assays may be advisable. Refer to literature to support your conclusions and cite at least 3 peer reviewed sources.

Methods Review

Clear and concise description of assays performed in Immunology lab as it relates to COVID 19 testing and research

Review is not intended to be a step by step protocol in how to perform the assay but a top level description of how the assay is performed and what can be learned from each of the techniques

Completeness

Discussion of all Immunology assays as related to COVID 19

Top level description of how the assay is performed and most importantly, detail what can be lfrom each of the techniques performed in Immunology as it relates to COVID 19.

Analysis

Analysis of techniques for differences and commonalities

Compare and contrast between each of the techniques performed in Immunology lab and describe what can be learned from each of the assays.

Address limitations of each of the techniques performed in Immunology lab

Discuss any optimum combination of techniques performed in Immunology 453 lab for Covid testing and research and why multiple assays may be advisable. Explain why necessary

Serial Dilution as it relates to any of the assays performed (ie standard curve construction)

Lymphocyte discussion (ie as it relates to COVID 19 infection)

Bradford (ie as it relates to Western Analysis)

Microarray

Elisa

Western Blotting

Affinity Column

QPCR

Enzyme Activity Assay- Lysozyme is just an example of this (may apply best with future research exploration)

Conclusion and Synthesis

Information synthesized and brought to a logical conclusion

Brings all of the other sections together.

Offers new ideas to explore or directions for future research.

4. After performing a Gram stain on a Gram negative bacteria, the specimen shows purple bacteria. Which of the following best explains why this occurred? A. Crystal violet was not used B. Decolorizer was not used C. The specimen was not heat-fixed D. Safranin was not used

5. Which of the following pieces of evidence could support the endosymbiotic theory if found in some eukaryotes? A. Presence of 80S ribosomes B. The presence of formylated methionine C. Genes that allow for multiple origins of replication D. Gene for expressing reverse transcriptase

6. A animal cell placed into a isotonic environment will: A. Not change noticeably B. Lyse C. Shrivel D. Will “puff up” and swell but not lyse

7. Which of the following correctly demonstrates the streaking method to obtain single colonies? Answer: 5. A researcher wishes to decrease the reactivity of an enzyme. Which of the following can she do? A. Increase temperature B. Add an allosteric activator C. Add an allosteric inhibitor D. Add a competitive activator

8. What kind of oxygen requirement does the culture in the figure MOST likely have? A. Microaerophile B. Facultative anaerobe C. Obligate aerobe D. Obligate anaerobe 7.

10. Which of the following could NOT explain why a streaked plate did not yield single colonies? A. The inoculation loop was flamed before streaking B. The plate was contaminated C. After the first quadrant was inoculated, all following quadrants were streaked from the first quadrant D. The inoculation loop was not flamed after the initial inoculation

11. You have recently identified a new toxin. It is produced by a gram-negative bacterium. It is has a lipid portion, and heat stable. Based on these characteristics, how would you classify this toxin? A. superantigen B. endotoxin C. exotoxin D. A-B toxin

32- Motor neurons that carry information away from the brain or spinal cord are known as afferent neurons.

Select one:

True

False

33- At home, safe food-handling practices can be sorted into four basic categories: (1) cleanliness, (2) separation, (3) cooking, and (4) chilling.

Select one:

True

False

34- The maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs during forceful breathing is called ________.

Select one:

a. vital capacity

b. tidal volume

c. residual volume

d. total lung capacity

35- If a person were unable to produce much of this substance, the gastric juices might destroy the stomach lining.

Select one:

a. chyme

b. HCl

c. mucus

d. pepsin

36- The pitch of the voice depends on the tension of the vocal cords.

Select one:

True

False

37- Which one of these agencies oversees the safety of poultry products in the United States?

Select one:

a. FSIS

b. ATF

c. WHO

d. FDA

38- The synaptic cleft is the narrow space between two neurons.

Select one:

True

False

39- Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the sinuses is called ________.

Select one:

a. asthma

b. sinusitis

c. laryngitis

d. respiratory distress syndrome

40- Carlotta developed indigestion and pain under her navel over the weekend. As the workweek progressed, the pain worsened and moved to a point in the lower right abdomen, and she started to vomit and experience nausea and fever. You suspect that she is suffering from ________.

Select one:

a. heartburn

b. colorectal cancer

c. appendicitis

d. peptic ulcer

41- This enzyme will break down starch into smaller subunits.

Select one:

a. pepsin

b. renin

c. lipase

d. amylase

You isolate nuclei from three different eukaryotic species. You treat the samples in exactly the same way (adding same amount of enzyme, buffer and time) to partially digest the chromatin with micrococcal nuclease, extract the DNA, and run it on a gel. You see the pattern below:

a-2pts) Knowing that the core-DNA in all cell types is the same what is your explanation for the difference in size in the patterns you observe (shown below):

b- 2pts) If you digested each of the three samples more thoroughly, what would the pattern look like? [Be specific and indicate what the size of the bands would be]

c-3pt) An explorer discovers a strange new species of plant and sends some of the plant tissue to a geneticist to study. The geneticist performs the kinds of experiments as described above in (b) except that: After digestion with nuclease 120-bp fragment of DNA are seen.
Analysis of the histone core reveals histones in the following proportions:

H2A 33.3%
H2B 33.3%
H3 0% [no histone H3 found]

H4 33.3%

On the basis of these observations, what conclusions could the geneticist make about the probable structure of the nucleosome in the chromatin of this plant? Be specific in describing the nature of the nucleosome: which histones form the core (1pt), how many of each are in there (1pt) and how much core-DNA is around it (1pt).

d-2pt) The geneticist also found H1 and a new histone H7 when histones were extracted from all of the chromatin (not just the nucleosome). What do you think the role of the new histone H7 would be in this new plant species?

You isolate nuclei from three different eukaryotic species. You treat the samples in exactly the same way (adding same amount of enzyme, buffer and time) to partially digest the chromatin with micrococcal nuclease, extract the DNA, and run it on a gel. You see the pattern below:

a-2pts) Knowing that the core-DNA in all cell types is the same what is your explanation for the difference in size in the patterns you observe (shown below):

b- 2pts) If you digested each of the three samples more thoroughly, what would the pattern look like? [Be specific and indicate what the size of the bands would be]

c-3pt) An explorer discovers a strange new species of plant and sends some of the plant tissue to a geneticist to study. The geneticist performs the kinds of experiments as described above in (b) except that: After digestion with nuclease 120-bp fragment of DNA are seen.
Analysis of the histone core reveals histones in the following proportions:

H2A 33.3%
H2B 33.3%
H3 0% [no histone H3 found]

H4 33.3%

On the basis of these observations, what conclusions could the geneticist make about the probable structure of the nucleosome in the chromatin of this plant? Be specific in describing the nature of the nucleosome: which histones form the core (1pt), how many of each are in there (1pt) and how much core-DNA is around it (1pt).

d-2pt) The geneticist also found H1 and a new histone H7 when histones were extracted from all of the chromatin (not just the nucleosome). What do you think the role of the new histone H7 would be in this new plant species?