Using the Library link or any biology websites to find an enzyme that is related to either a disease or a condition (human, animal or plant) and place a summarizing paragraph on the thread below.

Consider including:

1. 1 point description of disease or condition

2. 1 point for a brief description of the symptoms of the disease or expression in plants

3. 1 point for description of the protein involved

4. 1 point for anecdote(story) related to the disease or interesting information about the condition.

5. 1 point for relating disease to specific cell organelle

48. Which of the following explains why a diabetic patient urinate frequently *
1 point
A. Because he/she drinks a lot of water
B. High glucose levels in the urine draws additional water out of the blood increasing the amount of urine produced
C. Because diabetes causes the bladder to be weak and hence releases its content more frequently.
D. None of the above
49. Which of the following explains why Weight loss and increased appetite occurs in diabetic patients *
1 point
A. This is as a result of nutrient depletion when insulin is deficient.
B. As a result of lack of exercise
C. Because of effective receptors
D. Due to the absence of glucagon
50. Increased hunger, dehydration, increased infections, blurred vision, weight loss and fatigue are ALL symptoms of *
1 point
A. Hypertension
B. Marasmus
C. Peptic ulcer
D. Diabetes
51. Determines clients’ nutrients requirements, monitors clients’ nutrient intakes, develops, implements and evaluates clients’ nutrition care plans. These are some of the major responsibilities of a *
1 point
A. Physician
B. Technician
C. Dietician
D. Pharmacist
52. Loss of subcutaneous fat over the buttocks and thighs of a marasmic child is referred to as *
1 point
A. First degree marasmus
B. Second degree marasmus
C. Third degree marasmus
D. Four degree marasmus
53. It is a clinical syndrome and a form of malnutrition characterized by slow rate of growth due to deficient of protein intake, high CHO diet and vitamins & minerals deficiency. *
1 point
A. Marasmic kwashiorkor
B. Marasmus
C. Stunting
D. Kwashiorkor
54. Which of the following is NOT normally a symptom of Kwashiorkor? *
1 point
A. loss of subcutaneous fat
B. Edema,
C. Hair changes
D. Skin changes
55. People who are obese are more likely to suffer from: *
1 point
A. Coronary heart disease;
B. Type 2 diabetes;
C. Gall stones;
D. All the above.
56. Which of the following is referred to as milk sugar? *
1 point
A. Sucrose
B. Lactose
C. Maltose
D. Galactose
57. The vast majority of this nutrient in human nutrition is created from the breakdown of starch in the small intestine. *
1 point
A. Glycogen
B. Fructose
C. Glucose
D. Maltose
58. The process of converting glycogen back to glucose is known as *
1 point
A. Glycogenolysis.
B. Glycogenesis
C. Glycolysis
D. Gluconelysis
59. Which of the following is an example of a Glycolipid? *
1 point
A. Lecithin
B. Cephalin
C. Cholesterol
D. Phospholipid
60. One of the main omega-3 fatty acids in fish is *
1 point
A. Arachidonic Acid
B. Eicosapentaenoic Acid
C. Linoleic Acid
D. Linolenic Acid
61. The goals of nutritional intervention in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease are to ………………………..and…………………the secretion of stomach acid to maintain the resistance of the GI epithelial tissue to acid *
1 point
A. increase, neutralize
B. decrease, neutralize
C. increase, concentrate
D. decrease, delete
62. Vitamin B12 is also known as *
1 point
A. Pantothenic Acid
B. Biotin
C. Cyanocobalamin
D. Thiamine
63. Polydipsia means
1 point
A. Extreme thirst
B. Extreme hunger
C. Frequent urination
D. Profuse sweating
64. ………are organic compounds made of Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen *
1 point
A. Glucose
B. Amino Acids
C. Fatty Acids
D. Cellulose
65. A child suffering from………….does not develop oedema, skin or hair changes *
1 point
A. Stunting
B. Marasmus
C. Obesity
D. Kwashiorkor
66. All the following vitamins are Fat soluble EXCEPT *
1 point
A. Vitamin K
B. Vitamin B6
C. Vitamin D
D. Vitamin E
67. The following are all major minerals EXCEPT *
1 point
A. Calcium
B. Phosphorus
C. Iron
D. Magnesium
68. Which organization recommended that infants should be given only breast milk for the first six months of life? *
1 point
A. UNESCO
B. UNFPA
C. WHO
D. IBCLC
69. Requirements for macronutrients and micronutrients on a per-kilogram basis are higher during …………. than at any other stage in the human life cycle. *
1 point
A. Infancy
B. Adulthood
C. Adolescence
D. Middle age
70. Which of the following hormones promotes the release of breast milk when the infant suckles? *
1 point
A. Oxytocin
B. Progesterone
C. Prolactin
D. Glucagon

During a marathon, runners draw heavily on their internal reserves of glycogen and triglycerides to fuel muscle contraction.Initially, energy is derived mostly from carbohydrat3es with increasing amounts of fat being used as the race progresses.  If runners use up their muscle glycogen reserves before they finish the race, they hit what is known as the “the wall,” a point of diminished performance that arises because fatty acids from triglyceride breakdown cannot be delivered to the muscles quickly enough to sustain maximum effort. One trick that marathon runners use to avoid the wall is to drink a cup of strong black coffee an hour or so before the race begins.  Coffee contains caffeine, which is an inhibitor of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase. How do you suppose inhibition of this enzyme helps them avoid the wall?

QUESTION 63

1. Carbon fixation occurs during the “dark reactions”. What does this mean?

2 points   

QUESTION 64

1. After meiosis, human gametes are:

2 points   

QUESTION 65

1. Leonard Hayflick noticed what about human cells grown in culture?

2 points   

QUESTION 66

1. Cellular respiration is the process by which:

2 points   

QUESTION 67

1. Cells use this molecule to temporarily store energy, such as during photosynthesis or glycolysis.

2 points   

QUESTION 68

1. If we know how many protons an atom has, we can tell:

2 points   

QUESTION 69

1. The Hawaiian Islands contain 500 species of fruit fly which all descended from a single species in the last million years. This is an example of

2 points   

QUESTION 70

1. An example of analogous structures in evolution are:

2 points   

QUESTION 71

1. When a gene is transcribed, what molecule is produced?

2 points   

QUESTION 72

1. On Mars, humans would have difficulty growing crops. Mars has plenty of CO2, but what else do plants need for photosynthesis?

2 points   

QUESTION 73

1. A molecule is found with a –NH3 and a –COOH group attached. What might this molecule be?

2 points   

QUESTION 74

1. In a DNA sequence, what exactly do the letters A, C, G and T symbolize?

2 points   

QUESTION 75

1. Why do chloroplasts look green in color?

2 points   

QUESTION 76

1. Huntington’s disease is caused by a dominant allele. Angie has been tested and is heterozygous for the Huntington’s allele. Angie’s partner does not have the allele. What are the odds Angie’s children will get Huntington’s disease sometime in their life?

2 points   

QUESTION 77

1. An example of phenotype would be:

2 points   

QUESTION 78

1. A difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes is:

2 points   

QUESTION 79

1. Placing a wilted lettuce leaf in cold distilled water would improve the condition of the leaf because:

2 points   

QUESTION 80

1. Homeopathic medicines, developed in the 1800s, have failed in every controlled clinical trial to date. Practitioners often say they fail because the researchers did not “believe” in the treatment, and testimonials from patients are more relevant. What do these things tell us about the status of homeopathy in evidence-based medicine?

2 points   

QUESTION 81

1. Which structures are found in plant cells, but not in animal cells?

2 points   

QUESTION 82

1. To get a high rate of evolutionary change, you need mutations and:

2 points   

QUESTION 83

1. By comparing the genetic sequence of HIV to primate viruses from all over Africa, HIV has a sequence most similar to:

2 points   

QUESTION 84

1. What is the function of the “stop” codons?

QUESTION 22

1. Veins, arteries and capillaries are all sites where exchange between the blood and tissues can take place. s in:

   		True
   		False

QUESTION 23

1. When two species are not closely related and hence are anatomically different undergo convergent evolution, they evolve similar characteristics because they live in the same habitat.

   		True
   		False

QUESTION 24

1. A nucleotide that is comprised of the sugar ribose, a phosphate molecule, and the base uracil would be classified as:

   		DNA
   		RNA
   		either DNA or RNA
   		neither DNA or RNA

QUESTION 25

1. tRNA brings nucleotides to the strand of DNA that is being replicated.

   True

   False

QUESTION 26

1. Which of the following are true statements?

   		tRNA carries amino acids
   		t RNA is where an anti-codon would be found
   		both A and B are true
   		neither A or B are true

QUESTION 27

1. While both active and facilitated transport use proteins to carry molecules across the cell membrane, only active transport requires energy to carry molecules across the cell membrane.

   		True
   		False

QUESTION 28

1. Three mRNA nucleotides determine which amino acid is to be added to a protein that is being synthesized.

   		True
   		False

QUESTION 29

1. Because a cell membrane is selectively (semi) permeable, the cell membrane will allow some but not all molecules to pass through it.

   True

   False

QUESTION 30

1. As the radius of a spherical cell increases, the volume of the cell and the surface area of the cell membrane increase at the same rate.

   True

   False  

QUESTION 31

1. One codon will determine which amino acid will be added to a protein being synthesized during protein synthesis.

   		TRUE
   		FALSE
   		3

Discuss the concept of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation as an energy transfer in glycolysis. Why does the cell invest ATP and transfer a phosphate just to remove it in later steps within the glycolysis pathway?

1) Describe in detail how the liver regulates both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?

2) Please explain how the same enzymes within glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are used for both pathways?

The body goes through absorptive and postabsorptive states throughout the course of 24 hours, as illustrated in Figure 25-11 in your textbook. The nutrient pools (glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid) illustrated in Figure 25-1 vary in size during these states as the body absorbs these nutrients from food, uses them for energy production, puts them into or releases them from storage, or builds/breaks down body structure.The body has multiple hormonally-driven mechanisms by which to maintain a relatively constant glucose pool in order to ensure that adequate glucose is always available for the brain.  Neurons rely almost exclusively on glucose and cannot use fatty acids or amino acids as an alternate source.

The mass balance equation can be applied to the glucose pool.  Recall that the equation states that in order to maintain balance of a particular substance, the intake of that substance + its metabolic production must equal excretion of that substance + metabolic removal of that substance.

Intake + metabolic production = Excretion + metabolic removal

1. Your first task is to apply the mass balance equation to the maintenance of the glucose pool during the absorptive and postabsorptive states.  

For each state, you need to explain how each of the parts of the equation contribute to increases/decreases in the glucose pool, and the internal mechanisms that are employed to counteract those changes to restore balance. As part of your explanation, you need to include the specific organs/tissues, hormones, and metabolic processes that are involved.  For each hormone, include what leads to its release, cell types it targets, and what it stimulates the targets to do.

2. Your second task is to apply the mass balance equation to the regulation of blood glucose, or lack thereof, in someone who suffers from diabetes mellitus.   Describe what part(s) of the equation are not functioning properly.  Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus is associated with a number of classic symptoms:  excessive hunger and thirst, weight loss, and excessive urination.  Explain these symptoms by applying the mass balance equation, absorptive vs. postabsorptive states, and nutrient pools.

In step 4 of glycolysis, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two three carbon products. One product has an aldehyde function; the other has a ketone function. Step 5 isomerizes the ketone to the aldehyde

Circle the aldehyde group.

Steps 1 through 5 represent the first half of glycolysis. How many molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate are produced per glucose in the first half of glycolysis?