The information on an antibiotic and bacterial-culture usage in hospitals for patients who were discharged from two selected Pennsylvania hospitals were collected. Among the sampled 25 patients from Hospital 1, 7 patients received anti-biotics. And from Hospital 2, 6 patients from the sampled 30 patients received bacterial culture. Investigators are interested in assessing whether the proportions for patients receiving an antibiotic is greater than the proportion of receiving a bacterial culture while in the hospital at α=0.05.

What is the test statistic? Report your answer up to 3 decimal places.

Individuals who consume large amounts of alcohol do not use the calories from this source as efficiently as calories from other sources. One study examined the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on body composition and the intake of other foods. Fifteen subjects participated in a crossover design where they either drank wine for the first 6 weeks and then abstained for the next 6 weeks or vice versa. During the period when they drank wine, the subjects, on average, lost 0.45kilograms (kg) of body weight; when they did not drink wine, they lost an average of 1.08 kg. The standard deviation of the difference between the weight lost under these two conditions is 8.8 kg. During the wine period, they consumed an average of 2575 calories; with no wine, the mean consumption was 2552. The standard deviation of the difference was 208.

(a) Compute the differences in means and the standard errors for comparing body weight and caloric intake under the two experimental conditions. (To find the differences, subtract the relevant scores when the participants did not drink wine from the relevant scores when they did drink wine. Round your standard errors to three decimal places.)

(b) A report of the study indicated that there were no significant differences in these two outcome measures. Verify this result for each measure, giving the test statistic, degrees of freedom, and the P-value. (Use

α = 0.10.

Round your answers for t to three decimal places, and round your P-values to four decimal places.)

(c) One concern with studies such as this, with a small number of subjects, is that there may not be sufficient power to detect differences that are potentially important. Address this question by computing 95% confidence intervals for the two measures and discuss the information provided by the intervals. (Round your answers to three decimal places.)

Discussion:
(d) Here are some other characteristics of the study. The study periods lasted for 6 weeks. All subjects were males between the ages of 21 and 50 years who weighed between 68 and 91 kg. They were all from the same city. During the wine period, subjects were told to consume two 135-milliliter (ml) servings of red wine per day and no other alcohol. The entire 6-week supply was given to each subject at the beginning of the period. During the other period, subjects were instructed to refrain from any use of alcohol. All subjects reported that they complied with these instructions except for three subjects, who said that they drank no more than three to four 12-ounce bottles of beer during the no-alcohol period. Discuss how these factors could influence the interpretation of the results.

A third party who is intended to directly benefit from a contract made by two contracting parties, is called an incidental beneficiary

T/F

If a contract states I assign all my rights under the contract , in most cases the assignment will be considered as assignment of rights but not duties

T/F

In order for an assignment to be valid, you must use an assignment form

T/F

A material breach does not discharge the non-breaching party from his obligations under the contract

T/F

Recall the data from the Physicians’ Health Study: Of the 11,034 physicians who took the placebo, 138 devel- oped ulcers during the study. Of the 11,037 physicians who took aspirin, 169 developed ulcers.

a. Use an appropriate applet to find and report the theory-based 95% confidence interval.

b. Does the 95% confidence interval contain 0? Were you expecting this? Explain your reasoning.

c. Interpret the 95% confidence interval in the context of the study.

d. Use the 95% confidence interval to state a conclusion about the strength of evidence in the context of the study.

e. Relatively speaking, is the 95% confidence interval narrow or wide? Explain why that makes sense.

Should patients who do not adhere to their treatment regimens be precluded from bringing a medical malpractice claim against the physician or hospital who attempted to treat them?

A children's fairy tale tells of a clever elf who extracted from a king the promise to give him one grain of wheat on a chess board square today, two grains on an adjacent square tomorrow, four grains on an adjacent square the next day (and so on), doubling the number of grains each day until all 64 squares on the chess board were used.

(a) How many grains of wheat did the hapless king contract to place on the 64th square?


(b) There are about 1.1 million grains of wheat in a bushel. Assume that a bushel of wheat sells for $4.40. What was the value of the wheat on the 64th square?

1. Describe a friend, family member, or co-worker who is affected by one of the concepts from one of the behavioral theories. What makes you think that this is their problem/stumbling block?
2. What are the primary components of the health belief model and what 3 questions could you ask to figure-out whether health beliefs are affecting a client? (This question is on the practical final and so are 4,5, & 6.)
3. What are the primary components of the social cognitive/learning theory and what questions could you ask to know whether social factors or self efficacy are affecting a client?
4. What are the primary components of the stages of change model and what clues would you use or questions could you ask to determine what stage a client is in?
5. What are the primary components of the cognitive behavior theory and what questions could you ask to know whether clients' self-talk is an important factor affecting their behavior?
6. Be able to match type of client with theory or model. Use the following sample questions to prepare:

Your client inconsistently applies self-management behaviors for her diabetes. Talking with you, she shares that her husband and her cultural interpretations discourage her from making time for exercise and from preparing low-fat, consistent carbohydrate meals. She also seems to have low self confidence and low self-efficacy. Which theory or model would you use to help plan a counseling intervention for her?

Your client is 13 weeks into her pregnancy and her energy-level and iron status measures are extremely low. Talking with you, she shares her belief that the baby will take the iron it needs from her body and that pregnancy-related diet or supplement changes are not necessary. She also doesn't believe in the effectiveness of supplements. She says she tried them before and they made her constipated but didn't make her feel more energetic.

Your teenage client has recently been diagnosed with celiac disease. Assessment reveals that he continues to consume gluten, that he knows the food sources of gluten, and that he wants to quit eating gluten but for some reason hasn’t been able to do it. From talking with him you learn that there are certain triggers, in his daily life, that affect the way he feels, thinks, and behaves around food. Which theory or model would you use to help plan a counseling intervention for him?

Your client has decided to reduce the amount of sugar and processed carbohydrate he typically eats in an effort to improve his health status. He has tried doing this before but wasn't successful. Talking with him, you find that in previous attempts he failed to adequately prepare for making changes in the foods and beverages he consumes. Which theory or model would you use to help plan a counseling intervention for him?

Who do you think benefits from more accountability and control in government accounting?

A psychologist is interested in knowing whether adults who were bullied as children differ from the general population in terms of their empathy for others. On a questionnaire designed to measure empathy, the mean score for the general population is 80.82. Random sampling of 76 scores obtained from individuals who were bullied yielded a mean of 66.42 and a standard deviation of 22.87.

Suppose you want to calculate the 99% confidence interval.

In a survey of 1500 U.S. workers who are working from home, 885 of them would prefer to keep doing so after restrictions are lifted. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the population proportion of U.S workers who would like to keep working from home.