Who are the illegal miners in South Africa? They are often illegal immigrants, largely from Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Lesotho or other central and southern African nations that come to South Africa in search of striking it rich, or at the very least, making a decent living. In South Africa, the illegal miners are often referred to as the Zama Zamas, a term that means “trying your luck”. These immigrants come to South Africa to earn a living with the hopes of remitting earnings back to their families in their respective homelands.Some illegal miners are South Africans who view illegal mining as a dangerous, albeit potentially remunerative activity. Some of the South African illegal miners can be described as “legal miners by day, yet illegal by night.” In other words, they might be gainfully employed by a mining firm and work legitimately for the company during the day shift, but re-enter the mine when evening falls to bolster their income. These individuals are particularly useful to a group of illegal miners given their familiarity with the mine and its risks. It is also quite possible that the South African illegal miners are unemployed mineworkers that were previously laid off by the mining companies when they were forced to retrench as a result of increasing global competitive pressures. Alternatively, illegal mineworkers may simply be young, black South Africans (without any previous mining experience) seeking a living in a nation that has struggled to reach its potential in the post-apartheid era and where one out of four South Africans is unemployed.Regardless of the nationality or the motivations that landed the illegal miners in this role, one thing is certain: it is not an easy life. Illegal miners may break into the very mines they work in by day, or often work in abandoned or disused mine shafts. (Disused mine shafts are mines that legitimate mining companies are in the process of closing down because they are no longer economically viable, but where the firms are awaiting final permits issued by the government to “officially” close the mine. Mining companies complain that all too frequently, the government-issued permit is delayed for months, thus exacerbating the illegal mining problem.) The miners often align themselves with a group of miners united in their illegal search of striking it rich. There is power in numbers. Being part of a group offers protection from rival factions of illegal mine workers, and fosters some level of camaraderie as the freelance miners ‘watch over’ one another. Since illegal miners are typically not employees of any business, nor members of any union and often times, not even citizens of South Africa, it can be said, that if it wasn’t for these informal groups, the miners would have no one else with even an ounce of their interests in mind. The groups generally work for a leader (a “kingpin”) who organizes runners to bring food and drinks to them, while the “miners” stay underground, some times for days – and even months - at a time. Illegal miners often run the risk of falling prey to other serious crimes. Illegal miners’ lives have been threatened - and lost - when they have refused to relinquish the deftly collected gold particles in their possession to thieves. Deaths, however, often go unreported, and as a result, there is no way of knowing how many illegal miners lose their lives each year. Only when there is a more visible event – such as a fire that went out of control in an abandoned mineshaft in 2009, killing 76 people, is a light shed on the plight and the working conditions of these workers.

**Word limit 2000-3000 words**

A total of 5101 people who worked at a chemical factory were followed from 1950 to 1990 and monitored for kidney cancer. Of 3500 workers working with solvents, 17 develop kidney cancer. Of 1601 of the workers, which are not exposed to solvents, 8 develop kidney cancer. Is there an association between exposure to solvent use and kidney cancer?

The information on an antibiotic and bacterial-culture usage in hospitals for patients who were discharged from two selected Pennsylvania hospitals were collected. Among the sampled 25 patients from Hospital 1, 7 patients received anti-biotics. And from Hospital 2, 6 patients from the sampled 30 patients received bacterial culture. Investigators are interested in assessing whether the proportions for patients receiving an antibiotic is greater than the proportion of receiving a bacterial culture while in the hospital at α=0.05.

What is the test statistic? Report your answer up to 3 decimal places.

Individuals who consume large amounts of alcohol do not use the calories from this source as efficiently as calories from other sources. One study examined the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on body composition and the intake of other foods. Fifteen subjects participated in a crossover design where they either drank wine for the first 6 weeks and then abstained for the next 6 weeks or vice versa. During the period when they drank wine, the subjects, on average, lost 0.45kilograms (kg) of body weight; when they did not drink wine, they lost an average of 1.08 kg. The standard deviation of the difference between the weight lost under these two conditions is 8.8 kg. During the wine period, they consumed an average of 2575 calories; with no wine, the mean consumption was 2552. The standard deviation of the difference was 208.

(a) Compute the differences in means and the standard errors for comparing body weight and caloric intake under the two experimental conditions. (To find the differences, subtract the relevant scores when the participants did not drink wine from the relevant scores when they did drink wine. Round your standard errors to three decimal places.)

(b) A report of the study indicated that there were no significant differences in these two outcome measures. Verify this result for each measure, giving the test statistic, degrees of freedom, and the P-value. (Use

α = 0.10.

Round your answers for t to three decimal places, and round your P-values to four decimal places.)

(c) One concern with studies such as this, with a small number of subjects, is that there may not be sufficient power to detect differences that are potentially important. Address this question by computing 95% confidence intervals for the two measures and discuss the information provided by the intervals. (Round your answers to three decimal places.)

Discussion:
(d) Here are some other characteristics of the study. The study periods lasted for 6 weeks. All subjects were males between the ages of 21 and 50 years who weighed between 68 and 91 kg. They were all from the same city. During the wine period, subjects were told to consume two 135-milliliter (ml) servings of red wine per day and no other alcohol. The entire 6-week supply was given to each subject at the beginning of the period. During the other period, subjects were instructed to refrain from any use of alcohol. All subjects reported that they complied with these instructions except for three subjects, who said that they drank no more than three to four 12-ounce bottles of beer during the no-alcohol period. Discuss how these factors could influence the interpretation of the results.

A third party who is intended to directly benefit from a contract made by two contracting parties, is called an incidental beneficiary

T/F

If a contract states I assign all my rights under the contract , in most cases the assignment will be considered as assignment of rights but not duties

T/F

In order for an assignment to be valid, you must use an assignment form

T/F

A material breach does not discharge the non-breaching party from his obligations under the contract

T/F

Recall the data from the Physicians’ Health Study: Of the 11,034 physicians who took the placebo, 138 devel- oped ulcers during the study. Of the 11,037 physicians who took aspirin, 169 developed ulcers.

a. Use an appropriate applet to find and report the theory-based 95% confidence interval.

b. Does the 95% confidence interval contain 0? Were you expecting this? Explain your reasoning.

c. Interpret the 95% confidence interval in the context of the study.

d. Use the 95% confidence interval to state a conclusion about the strength of evidence in the context of the study.

e. Relatively speaking, is the 95% confidence interval narrow or wide? Explain why that makes sense.

Should patients who do not adhere to their treatment regimens be precluded from bringing a medical malpractice claim against the physician or hospital who attempted to treat them?

A children's fairy tale tells of a clever elf who extracted from a king the promise to give him one grain of wheat on a chess board square today, two grains on an adjacent square tomorrow, four grains on an adjacent square the next day (and so on), doubling the number of grains each day until all 64 squares on the chess board were used.

(a) How many grains of wheat did the hapless king contract to place on the 64th square?


(b) There are about 1.1 million grains of wheat in a bushel. Assume that a bushel of wheat sells for $4.40. What was the value of the wheat on the 64th square?

1. Describe a friend, family member, or co-worker who is affected by one of the concepts from one of the behavioral theories. What makes you think that this is their problem/stumbling block?
2. What are the primary components of the health belief model and what 3 questions could you ask to figure-out whether health beliefs are affecting a client? (This question is on the practical final and so are 4,5, & 6.)
3. What are the primary components of the social cognitive/learning theory and what questions could you ask to know whether social factors or self efficacy are affecting a client?
4. What are the primary components of the stages of change model and what clues would you use or questions could you ask to determine what stage a client is in?
5. What are the primary components of the cognitive behavior theory and what questions could you ask to know whether clients' self-talk is an important factor affecting their behavior?
6. Be able to match type of client with theory or model. Use the following sample questions to prepare:

Your client inconsistently applies self-management behaviors for her diabetes. Talking with you, she shares that her husband and her cultural interpretations discourage her from making time for exercise and from preparing low-fat, consistent carbohydrate meals. She also seems to have low self confidence and low self-efficacy. Which theory or model would you use to help plan a counseling intervention for her?

Your client is 13 weeks into her pregnancy and her energy-level and iron status measures are extremely low. Talking with you, she shares her belief that the baby will take the iron it needs from her body and that pregnancy-related diet or supplement changes are not necessary. She also doesn't believe in the effectiveness of supplements. She says she tried them before and they made her constipated but didn't make her feel more energetic.

Your teenage client has recently been diagnosed with celiac disease. Assessment reveals that he continues to consume gluten, that he knows the food sources of gluten, and that he wants to quit eating gluten but for some reason hasn’t been able to do it. From talking with him you learn that there are certain triggers, in his daily life, that affect the way he feels, thinks, and behaves around food. Which theory or model would you use to help plan a counseling intervention for him?

Your client has decided to reduce the amount of sugar and processed carbohydrate he typically eats in an effort to improve his health status. He has tried doing this before but wasn't successful. Talking with him, you find that in previous attempts he failed to adequately prepare for making changes in the foods and beverages he consumes. Which theory or model would you use to help plan a counseling intervention for him?

Who do you think benefits from more accountability and control in government accounting?