Over the decades trade volume has increased due to reduction in tariffs, increased trade agreements, and subsidies among other trade enhancing measures. Gerber (2018) observed that the trade system has established trading rules and reduced tariffs under the GATT and WTO umbrellas. Although there has been significant reduction in tariffs and trade barriers there are still advances to eliminate tariffs even further. One might argue that such a move would only have diminishing returns to trade negotiations and a minor impact on GDP. Why would nations then continue to desire further market openings?

Please respond to either following and use examples where applicable: NB: You can choose to respond to 1 or 2 but 3 is mandatory. So, in total respond to at least 2 topics, 3 being one of the 2 topics.

1. Cite at least three reasons why economists trade openings.
2. Explain why costs to consumers of a tariff or quota are greater than the net welfare costs to nation.
3. Which industries are more heavily protected in the United States and Japan? Are high income or low income nations more affected by American and Japanese trade barriers? Explain.

Grading will be based on both quality and frequency. Your original post must well detailed and should demonstrate an understanding and ability to apply relevant key concepts. In addition to your original post, you should respond to at least two of your peers. Make your responses constructive, and include your sources of information where applicable. Refer to the syllabus for comprehensive rubric.

What is your opinion or observation to the paragraph below? Also, answer the question: Do you think that if there is an improvement to public relations, such as, safer gun controls to prevent shooting accidents, cigarette and drug control, etc, that the cost of the public health could decrease not only in the state of NY, but in the nation as a whole?

It does not surprise me that the support and regulate business fund is one of the largest three expenditures in the state of NY. NY is known as the business center of the United States, therefore, expenditures are definitely spent in this aspect as to support and regulate business. As being an intern in tax accounting last spring, I know that NY does only tax at state level, but at city levels as well. If a resident of NY resides in NYC, and also works in the NY area, not only are they subject to NY state personal income taxes, but also their local taxes. Therefore, personal income taxes are definitely a reliant revenue source for the state. According to a 2018 New York times article, the costliness of the public health fund relates to several factors, but can be prevented or reduced due to the fact that: building new hospitals and training more specialists isn't always the answer to public health safety, finding equality in the division of race and income with regards to diseases, and better public relations. Do you think that if there is an improvement to public relations, such as, safer gun controls to prevent shooting accidents, cigarette and drug control, etc, that the cost of the public health could decrease not only in the state of NY, but in the nation as a whole?

Donald Trump, 8/7/16, speech to the Detroit Economic Club

The U.S. unemployment rate is a foundational economic indicator, widely cited by the media, economists, and politicians as a barometer on how the economy is performing. The rate is the product of more than a century of evolution and Democrats, Republicans, socialists, libertarians, union officials, and corporate C.E.O.s had largely agreed upon its calculation. But since the last Presidential election, this statistic has come into question as shown in the above sample quotes. Do these assertions have any merit?

To investigate these claims, write a TYPED paper of no more than 250 words with respect to the following:

• How is the current U.S. unemployment rate calculated

• What are come of the shortcomings of the unemployment rate? Do you think it does a good job of measuring the unemployment situation in the United States

• Review the claims made by President Trump and the news media regarding the unemployment rate. Do you feel these claims have any merit? If so, why? If not, why not?

As part of your paper, cite at least two sources you are using for your answers and opinion. Follow the following example as a guide for formatting these citations.

first, read a background article at CNN Business entitled “America is too focused on the unemployment rate. Here's what we need to be looking at” by Gad Levanon, Chief North American economist at The Conference Board, a 501 non-profit business membership and research group organization.

PLEASE ANSWER THE BOLDED THREE QUESTIONs based on this information. Thank You.

1. Determine whether the underlined value is a parameter or a statistic
a.)   28.2% of mayors in the United States are from minority groups.
      
b.)   Telephone interviews of 372 of a large electronics company found that 62% of employees were dissatisfied with their working conditions.

c.)   Mark Retired from competitive athletics last year. In his career as a sprinter he had competed in the 100 meter even a total of 328 times. His average time for these 328 races was 10.25 seconds

2. Determine whether the following variables are qualitative or quantitative.

a.)   The bank account numbers of students in the class.
  
b.)   The weights of suitcases to be loaded on an airplane.

c.)   The colors of book covers on a shelf.

3. Determine whether the following quantitative variables are discrete or continuous.
a.)   The number of phone calls to the Ogden police department on any given day.

b.)   The speed of a car during rush hour traffic from Brooklyne to New York City.

c.)   The points scored in a football game

4. True / False  
a.)   An Observational study is sufficient to claim causation. True or False?

b.)   The interquartile range is an accurate measurement of dispersion for skewed data sets. True or false?

c.)   Variance is a measure of central tendency. True or False?

d.)   One can find the mode of any data set. True or False?
      
e.)   The mean is an accurate measurement of central tendency for skewed data sets. True or false?

5. Outline how to perform simple random sampling given a list of your population.

Inventory Turnover and days’ sales in inventory

Kracker Corp., Foodstuff, Inc., and Winston Stores, Inc. are three grocery chains in the United States. Inventory management is an important aspect of the grocery retail business. Recent balance sheets for these three companies indicated the following merchandise inventory (in millions) information:

a. & b. Determine the inventory turnover and the number of days’ sales in inventory (use 365 days and round to the nearest day) for the three companies. Round all interim calculations to one decimal place. For days' sales in inventory, round final answers to the nearest day, and for inventory turnover, round to one decimal place.

c. The inventory turnover ratios and days’ sales in inventory are   for Kracker and Foodstuff. Winston Stores has a   inventory turnover and a   days’ sales in inventory than Kracker and Foodstuff. These results suggest that Kracker and Foodstuff are   efficient than Winston Stores in managing inventory.

d. If Kracker had Winston Stores’ days’ sales in inventory, how much additional cash flow would have been generated from the smaller inventory relative to its actual average inventory position? Round interim calculations to one decimal place and your final answer to the nearest million.
$ million

Forms of business organization and ethics in financial decisions

Part I Historically, forms of business organization have been classified into three general categories: (1) sole proprietorships ; (2) partnerships and (3) corporations (public and private). However, with the evolution of markets, many hybrid ways of organizing business have developed in our economy, combining benefits from the original three categories of business organization. Instructions: Do a search and explain at least three (3) of these new hybrid ways of organizing business. Identify what are the advantages that they offer their owners compared to the original forms of business organization. Part II The beginning of the first decade of the 2000s was characterized by the rise of the great corporate fraud scandals. Many high-profile, large-cap companies were prosecuted, and their top executives and employees had to pay large sums of money and even serve in prison. One of the first scandals to come to light was the Enron Corporation case. Other companies were also prosecuted and some were directly related to the Enron case. Conduct a search on the companies Enron Corporation, Arthur Andersen, Merrill Lynch, and WorldCom and develop an analysis that includes what corporate fraud consisted of for each of them. Explain what was the impact it had on the company, on the industry in which the company operated and on the socio-economic environment. Argue what element or elements do you understand that the authors who originated these corporate fraud schemes had in common that led the economy to one of its worst moments in the economic history of the United States.

Q.4(30p)          Assume that the spot price of the Canadian dollar, CAD, is 0.7140 USD (USD per CAD).     Assume also that the CAD/USD exchange rate has a volatility of 12% per annum. The risk-free         rates of interest in Canada and the United States are 0.50% and 0.80% per annum, respectively.             Exchange rate between USD and CAD (Canadian dollar) is 0.7140.

1. What is the value of a European CALL Option with maturity of 6-month to buy one CAD for 0.7100USD. (In other words, if K=0.7100USD per CAD, what is the call option value)

2. Using the put-call parity condition for European currency options, find the value of a European put option (with maturity of 6-month and the same exercise price as the call option) to sell one Canadian dollar, CAD, for 0.7100USD?

(If you wish, you can find out the value of put option using BSM formula and see if you get the same result as using the put-call parity. If you do not get the same results, then you must have made a mistake in calculating the put option using the BSM formula. However, the numbers are so close and you can make rounding along the way may give rise to different results. So, as long as you get quite close numbers, then it should be fine)

[The put-call parity for European currency options is given on p.338, text. And I provide it here: Put-Call Parity Condition for European Currency Options is given by]

c+Ke-rT= p+S0e-rfT

Practice Problems for Bio 1:

1) Short hair is dominant over long hair in dogs. If a short-haired dog whose mother was long-haired is crossed with a long-haired dog, what proportion of the offspring will be short-haired?

2) The common grackle is a species of robin-sized blackbirds that are fairly common over most of the United States. Suppose that long tails (L) were dominant to short tails in these birds. A female short-tailed grackle mates with a male long-tailed grackle who had one parent with a long tail and one parent with a short tail. What is the male's genotype? What is the genotypic ratio?

2) A man with type O blood has a sister with type AB blood. What are the genotypes and phenotypes of their parents?

3) The inheritance of curly hair illustrates incomplete dominance. When a curly haired individual reproduces with a straight-haired one, the children all have wavy hair. What offspring would be produced, in what proportions, when two people with wavy hair reproduce?

4) Colorblindness is an X-linked trait recessive disorder. A woman who does not carry the color-blindness allele has children with a man who is color blind. What proportion of their children will be color blind?

5) Huntington disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder. A person who is heterozygous for the Huntington disease allele has offspring with someone who does not have HD. What proportion of their children will have HD?

1) Investigators found a RR = 1.90 to explain the association between maternal education (high vs. low) and onset of adolescent eating disorders. They should therefore conclude that adolescents whose mothers had high education had a 90% greater risk of developing eating disorders than adolescents whose mothers had low education.

A. True

B. False

2) When examining an association between an exposure and an outcome, researchers may find a small effect that is statistically significant but could lack practical importance or "clinical significance."

A. True

B. False

3) Effect modification occurs when the effect of the exposure on the outcome is modified by a third variable. A. True B. False 59. Investigators are exploring the relationship between number of hours worked per week and cardiovascular disease among academic faculty in the United States. During their analysis, they find that the number of hours worked per week and cardiovascular disease are both associated with sedentary behavior (number of hours sitting). Is sedentary behavior more likely to be a confounder or a mediator of this association between number of hours worked and cardiovascular disease?

A. Confounder

B. Mediator

4)

Investigators explored the relationship between coffee drinking and osteoporosis using a case-control study. They calculated the overall odds ratio and odds ratios among smokers and non-smokers. The results are shown below.

OR (overall) = 2.20

OR (smokers) = 5.0   

OR (non-smokers) = 1.0

In this example, would smoking be best considered an effect modifier, mediator, or confounder for the relationship between coffee consumption and osteoporosis?

A. Confounder

B. Mediator

C. Effect modifier