26) When oxygen is not available as a final electron acceptor, human cells go through fermentation. What is the disadvantage to this process in humans?
    A. Significantly less ATP is extracted from glucose.        B. Ethanol is a byproduct.
    C. Our genes can become mutated.            D. Mitochondria degrade in lysosomes.

27) Why is the signal transduction pathway necessary?
A. This is how viruses are inactivated by T lymphocytes.
B. It is necessary to get bacteria to make proteins for medical purposes.
C. Some messages (growth factors) are proteins which cannot get through the cell membrane to deliver the message directly to DNA.
D. Some cells which should go through apoptosis ignore the message.
   
28) Which of the following genes is a tumor suppressor gene and is carried by both men and women?  
        A. OVA 3        B. huntingtin        C. BRCA1        D. ABCR

Explain:

(a) Myelinated axon: Some neurons, like most of the neurons in human body, have myelinated axons; the axons are wrapped around with segmented myelin sheaths. When compared with unmyelinated axons of the same axon diameter, the neural signal transmission speed along myelinated axons is much faster than that along unmyelinated axons. Qualitatively and briefly explain why.

(b) Hopfield model: Hopfield model can be considered as a form of neural net algorithm of retrieving information from a large database. When we compare the functioning of the Hopfield model with that of conventional database algorithms where information retrieval is carried out by examining all the entries in the entire database, one at a time, in view of retrieval criteria, what are the most significant differences? Qualitatively and briefly describe at least two significant differences. Assume that the database is very large.

Human color vision is “produced” by the nervous system based on how three different cone receptors interact with pho-tons of light in the eye. These three different types of cones interact with photons of different frequency light, as indicated in the following chart:

Cone Type Range of Light/Frequency Detected

S 6.00-7.49x10^14s^-1   

M 4.76-6.62x10^14s^-1

L 4.28-6.00x10^14s^-1

What wavelength ranges (and corresponding colors) do the three types of cones detect?

"A study was conducted to evaluate new test for human papilloma virus (HPV). One hundred fifteen women with HPV were compared to 426 women who did not have HPV. A total of 97 women tested positive using the new test, 81 of whom really did have HPV.

You will be graded on calculations (including completion of the 2x2 table as shown in class and showing your work for calculation, your interpretations, and your answers to the other questions. Your interpretations must be specific and will be graded on accuracy, correct use of scientific terminology, professional writing style, grammar and spelling."

a) Complete a contingency table

b) How many women are in each of the following categories?

True positives:

False positives:

True negatives:

False negatives:

c) Calculate and interpret the sensitivity of the new screening test.

d) Calculate and interpret the specificity of the new screening test.

e) Calculate and interpret the positive predictive value of the new screening test.

f) Calculate and interpret the negative predictive value of the new screening test.

g) Do you think that it would be better to use this new screening test for HPV or an older screening test with 90% sensitivity and 80% specificity. The older screening test is more expensive. Write 75-100 words supporting your position.

You have been recently hired in the human resources department at the company you have always dreamed of working for. At the end of your first day, your manager, I. M. DeBoss, on her way out of the office says to you: “So Mr./Ms. Jones, what things come to mind when you think of the word “ethics”? Before you can answer, she asks you if you believe ethics are important for a company and if so why do you feel that way? Not letting up, because she is DeBoss, she then asks you if you think your views on ethics have evolved based on your life experiences or do you believe as suggested in the 60 Minutes piece, “Born good? Babies help unlock the origins of Morality,” that your ethics DNA was established at birth and why?

Just as you are about to respond to her, she says “I am sorry Mr./Ms. Jones but I really have to run but I want to continue our conversation tomorrow.” You are relieved because you will have a night to ponder her questions and wow her with your responses tomorrow. How would you respond to your manager?

A large, international bank is considering outsourcing all facets of the human resource function, including recruiting, benefits, payroll, employee training, and development, compensation, and information systems. Three potentially viable vendors have been identified.

The internal audit function has been asked to review the vendor selection process and evaluate each vendor’s system of internal controls. Senior management has decided it wants a 10 equity stake in the company that performs the outsourcing function.

The original terms of the agreement call for 1,000 employees to be moved from the bank’s human resources function to the company who ultimately receives the contract. The vendor will then be responsible for evaluating the employees’ performance and determining which employees will be terminated after a six-month period.

The vendor has the option to determine which computer systems are used. The length of the contract will be either five or 10 years, depending on its pricing structure.

The bank expects to achieve significant financial gains from this outsourcing arrangement, including significant cost reductions associated with the conversion to standard applications provided by the vendor. The vendor will be expected to leverage existing systems, processes, and personnel and be able to make a profit based on the economies of scale, particularly in the systems areas.

1. Identify 2 major benefits that the bank hopes to gain by outsourcing.

2. What role can Internal Audit play in the outsourcing decision? Explain how this role would help ensure these benefits are on target to be met but not impair Internal Audit independence.

A large, international bank is considering outsourcing all facets of the human resource function, including recruiting, benefits, payroll, employee training, and development, compensation, and information systems. Three potentially viable vendors have been identified. The internal audit function has been asked to review the vendor selection process and evaluate each vendor’s system of internal controls. Senior management has decided it wants a 10 equity stake in the company that performs the outsourcing function. The original terms of the agreement call for 1,000 employees to be moved from the bank’s human resources function to the company who ultimately receives the contract. The vendor will then be responsible for evaluating the employees’ performance and determining which employees will be terminated after a six-month period. The vendor has the option to determine which computer systems are used. The length of the contract will be either five or 10 years, depending on its pricing structure. The bank expects to achieve significant financial gains from this outsourcing arrangement, including significant cost reductions associated with the conversion to standard applications provided by the vendor. The vendor will be expected to leverage existing systems, processes, and personnel and be able to make a profit based on the economies of scale, particularly in the systems areas.

1. How can Internal Audit help during the transition phase? Explain how this help would not impair independence.

2. What kinds of tests might Internal Audit perform after the transition is complete that will help the bank determine if the outsourcing was successful.

Many human diseases are genetically transmitted (for example, hemophilia or Tay-Sachs disease). Here is a simple model for such a disease. The genotype aa is diseased and dies before it mates. The genotype Aa is a carrier but is not diseased. The genotype AA is not a carrier and is not diseased.

a. If two carriers mate, what are the probabilities that their offspring are of each of the three genotypes?

b. If the male offspring of two carriers is not diseased, what is the probability that he is a carrier?

c. Suppose that the non-diseased off spring of part (b) mates with a member of the population for whom no family history is available and who is thus assumed to have probability p of being a carrier ( p is a very small number). What are the probabilities that their first offspring has the genotypes AA, Aa, and aa?

d. Suppose that the first offspring of part (c) is not diseased. What is the probability that the father is a carrier in light of this evidence?

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