Companies routinely face debt covenants and occasionally these covenants are binding. That is, the company’s financial statements indicate that the covenant has been violated or is close to being violated. Managers have historically used various means to improve their reported numbers to avoid binding covenants, including adjusting accounting accruals, and making “real” operating changes such as decreasing certain discretionary expenses or cutting back on capital expenditures.

a. How do accounting accrual adjustments affect covenants that require minimums for retained earnings or for certain ratios such as the current ratio? Are those effects permanent?

b. How do real operating changes affect covenants that require minimums for retained earnings or for certain ratios such as the current ratio? Are those effects permanent?

c. What consequences might arise if the company focuses on managing reported numbers to avoid violating debt covenants? What parties are affected by such schemes?

On the basis of historical data, Richard Tenant, a business historian who studied the tobacco industry,[1] has concluded:

“The consumption of cigarettes is [relatively] insensitive to changes in price…In contrast, the demand for individual brands is highly elastic in its response to price…In 1918, for example, Lucky Strike was sold for a short time at a higher retail price than Camel or Chesterfield and rapidly lost half its business”

1. Explain why the demand for a particular brand is more elastic than the demand for all cigarettes.
2. Do you think that the demand curve for cigarettes is the same now as it was in 1918? If not, describe in detail all the factors you can think of that may have shifted the curve and whether each factor shifted the curve to the right or to the left. Draw a graph (like the ones we have used in class) that illustrates at least one of these changes.

Choose the correct answer.

A.1 The marginal propensity for consumption shows us:

A. the change in consumption per unit of change in income.

B. the percentage of income consumed.

C. how income changes when consumption changes.

D. all of the above.
A.2 If in a period there is an unpredictable increase in demand, then:

A. the investment made will be equal to the desired investment.

B. the investment made will be greater than the desired investment.

C. the investment made will be less than the desired investment.

D. there will be an unwanted accumulation of stocks of goods.
A.3 In an economy where there is no state and foreign trade, when the marginal momentum for consumption is equal to 0.5, the investment multiplier is equal to:

A. 2. B. 1. C. 0.5. D. 0.

A.4 As a liquidity trap we call the situation where:

A. the interest rate is zero.

B. the interest rate is negative.

C. The demand for money is completely elastic.

D. none of the above.

Consider a Carnot heat engine cycyle executed in a closed system (piston-cylinder device) using 0.01848695 kg of stem as the working fluid. It is known that the maximum absolute temperature in the cycle is three times the minimum absolute temperature, and the net-work output of the cycle is 90 KJ assuming no kinetic and potential energy changes. If the steam changes from saturated vapor (state 3=h_g) to saturated liquid(state 4=h_f) during heat rejection (process3-4) determine

a) the thermal efficiency of this Carnot Cycle

b) the head addition during the process 1-2 (isothermal expansion)

c) the heat rejection during process 3-4 (isothermal compression)

d) the temperature of the steam during the heat rejection process.

(a hint: use energy balance equation, H=U+PV, and h_g -h_f = h_fg

Assume Economy Ashland produces Pepsi.

a.)In the space provided below show the Pepsi market by graphing the coffee demand and supply curves. Label the Demand curve D1, Supply curve S1, Equilibrium point E1, Price Equilibrium P1, and Quantity Equilibrium Q1, both axis.

Now assume that the beverage backing/shipping industry develops new technology to better transport/produce soda which Pepsi incorporates. At the same time price of pizza (a complementary good to Pepsi) increases.

b) In sentences, describe what will happen to market supply and market demand for Pepsi. In the graph above, denote these changes if any with D2 for Demand curve two, S2 for Supply curve two, P2 for price equilibrium 2, E2 for equilibrium quantity, and Q2 for quantity equilibrium.  

c) In sentences, describe what will happen to price equilibrium and quantity equilibrium of Pepsi with these changes.

Answer 3 of the of these 5 questions AND the questions related to the video in folder on Middle-age: Describe the physical changes that occur during middle age – brain, muscles, senses, skeletal, etc., How do these changes affect daily life and health? Explain the terms “fluid” and “crystallized” intelligence, “”, “menopause” “empty nest syndrome” Describe Erickson’s stage of developmental crisis for middle adulthood. Generativity vs. Stagnation Explain the terms - mid-life crisis, empty nest syndrome, cluttered nest, How do these events impact middle adults – divorce, marriage, friendships, caring form aging parents, grandparenthood? View the video "A Journey Through Middle-age" (see week by week folder for Middle Adult) View this video on middle age and compare with the textbook in terms of self-reported and your observation of physical findings, self-concept of man and woman being interviewed.

Nora is an RN who has been asked to present the topic of puberty to a fourth grade health class at the local elementary school.

1. What should she know about the physiology of puberty?

2. What are common changes noted by both sexes in puberty?

3. What are common psychosocial changes in puberty?

4. What health education in addition to the physiologic and social aspects of puberty would be appropriate?

5. One of the parents who came to pick up her child takes the nurse aside and confides that she is very concerned about her daughter, who just turned 9 years old and already has had her period for a few months. She states her daughter is very unhappy with her appearance and cries when she gets her period. How can the nurse advise this mother?

In this discussion, you will examine ways in which pay decisions and benefits are affected by labor market and product market forces and the effect of regulation on the ways in which employee pay and benefits are designed and administered.

Begin by describing the impact the labor and product market forces have on pay and benefit decisions. Include in your description the changes you have seen in your own industry when changes occur in each of these markets and its impact on your own wages and benefits.

Additionally, describe the ways in which regulation impacts employee pay and benefits and the way in which they are designed and administered.

For example, consider the impact of the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and its impact on part-time and full-time employment, costs associated with insurance premiums to employers and employees, etc..

Finally, what are some communication techniques employers can use to ensure employees realize the value of benefits?