Integrative Exercise
Relevant Costing, Cost-Based Pricing, Cost Behavior, and Net Present Value Analysis for NoFat

Special Sales Offer Relevant Analysis

NoFat manufactures one product, olestra, and sells it to large potato chip manufacturers as the key ingredient in nonfat snack foods, including Ruffles, Lays, Doritos, and Tostitos brand products. For each of the past 3 years, sales of olestra have been far less than the expected annual volume of 125,000 pounds. Therefore, the company has ended each year with significant unused capacity. Due to a short shelf life, NoFat must sell every pound of olestra that it produces each year. As a result, NoFat's controller, Allyson Ashley, has decided to seek out potential special sales offers from other companies. One company, Patterson Union (PU)—a toxic waste cleanup company—offered to buy 10,000 pounds of olestra from NoFat during December for a price of $2.20 per pound. PU discovered through its research that olestra has proven to be very effective in cleaning up toxic waste locations designated as Superfund Sites by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Allyson was excited, noting that "This is another way to use our expensive olestra plant!"

The annual costs incurred by NoFat to produce and sell 100,000 pounds of olestra are as follows:

In addition, Allyson met with several of NoFat's key production managers and discovered the following information:

1. The special order could be produced without incurring any additional marketing or customer service costs.
2. NoFat owns the aging plant facility that it uses to manufacture olestra.
3. NoFat incurs costs to set up and clean its machines for each production run, or batch, of olestra that it produces. The total setup costs shown in the previous table represent the production of 20 batches during the year.
4. NoFat leases its plant machinery. The lease agreement is negotiated and signed on the first day of each year. NoFat currently leases enough machinery to produce 125,000 pounds of olestra.
5. PU requires that an independent quality team inspects any facility from which it makes purchases. The terms of the special sales offer would require NoFat to bear the $1,000 cost of the inspection team.

Required:

1. Conduct a relevant analysis of the special sales offer by calculating the following:

a. The relevant revenues associated with the special sales offer
$

b. The relevant costs associated with the special sales offer
$

c. The relevant profit associated with the special sales offer (Enter loss, if any, as negative amount.)
$

2. Based solely on financial factors, explain why NoFat should accept or reject PU's special sales offer.

The relevant cost is   than the relevant revenue offered by PU, making the relevant (or incremental) profit  —so,  

3. Describe at least one qualitative factor that NoFat should consider, in addition to the financial factors, in making its final decision regarding the acceptance or rejection of the special sales offer.

A potentially important qualitative factor is  , namely the public’s perception of olestra’s safety. In particular, some (possibly large) percentage of NoFat’s customers might be concerned that olestra is not a safe ingredient for human ingestion, given its apparent effectiveness in cleaning up toxic waste sites. As a result, the acceptance of PU’s special sales offer might significantly decrease NoFat’s regular sales of olestra.

Cost-Based Pricing

Assume for this question that NoFat rejected PU’s special sales offer because the $2.20 price suggested by PU was too low. In response to the rejection, PU asked NoFat to determine the price at which it would be willing to accept the special sales offer. For its regular sales, NoFat sets prices by marking up variable costs by 10%.

4. If Allyson decides to use NoFat’s 10% markup pricing method to set the price for PU’s special sales offer,

a. Calculate the price that NoFat would charge PU for each pound of olestra. Round your answer to the nearest cent.
$ per unit

b. Calculate the relevant profit that NoFat would earn if it set the special sales price by using its mark-up pricing method. Enter loss, if any, as negative amount. (Hint: Use the estimate of relevant costs that you calculated in response to Requirement 1b.)
$

c. Explain why NoFat should accept or reject the special sales offer if it uses its mark-up pricing method to set the special sales price.

NoFat should   the special sales offer if PU will agree to pay the price of $ per unit that results from NoFat’s cost-plus pricing formula.

Incorporating a Long-Term Horizon into the Decision Analysis

Assume that Allyson's relevant analysis reveals that NoFat would earn a positive relevant profit of $10,000 from the special sale (i.e., the special sales alternative). However, after conducting this traditional, short-term relevant analysis, Allyson wonders whether it might be more profitable over the long-term to downsize the company by reducing its manufacturing capacity (i.e., its plant machinery and plant facility). She is aware that downsizing requires a multiyear time horizon because companies usually cannot increase or decrease fixed plant assets every year. Therefore, Allyson has decided to use a 5-year time horizon in her long-term decision analysis. She has identified the following information regarding capacity downsizing (i.e., the downsizing alternative):

1. The plant facility consists of several buildings. If it chooses to downsize its capacity, NoFat can immediately sell one of the buildings to an adjacent business for $30,000.
2. If it chooses to downsize its capacity, NoFat's annual lease cost for plant machinery will decrease to $9,000.

Therefore, Allyson must choose between these two alternatives: Accept the special sales offer each year and earn a $10,000 relevant profit for each of the next 5 years or reject the special sales offer and downsize as described above.

5. Assume that NoFat pays for all costs with cash. Also, assume a 10% discount rate, a 5-year time horizon, and all cash flows occur at the end of the year. Use an NPV approach to discount future cash flows to present value. To determine NPV, use the Exhibit to locate the present value of $1 to be multiplied by the cash inflow in Year 1.

a. Calculate the NPV of accepting the special sale with the assumed positive relevant profit of $10,000 per year (i.e., the special sales alternative). Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
$

b. Calculate the NPV of downsizing capacity as previously described (i.e., the downsizing alternative). Round your answer to the nearest dollar.
$

c. Based on the NPV of Calculations a and b, identify and explain which of these two alternatives is best for NoFat to pursue in the long term.

Based on the NPV of Requirements 5a and 5b, the   alternative (i.e., Requirement 5b) appears to be the best long-term alternative for NoFat to pursue because it is estimated to provide a  .

Problem Set 8

Delta Corporation has the following capital structure:

Calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and use it for the cost of capital interest rate for the rest of this problem. In other words, the WACC becomes the discount rate for the net present value calculations.

Assume Delta has three different (mutually exclusive) projects that are being considered. Listed below are the cash flows for the projects.

For each of the projects shown above, calculate the Payback Period, Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Net Present Value (NPV). Make a table in APA format and label it Table 1. In this table show the three projects and the values for payback period, IRR, and NPV. Write a one paragraph explanation of which projects Delta management should choose and why. Explain whether the different calculation methods give you different results on which project(s) should be chosen and why.

*List for years 0-5 for the payback period, IRR and the NPV, Label each clearly.

E7-6 Calculating Ending Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold Under FIFO, LIFO, and Average Cost LO7-2

Hamilton Company uses a periodic inventory system. At the end of the annual accounting period, December 31 of the current year, the accounting records provided the following information for product 1:

Chapter – Cost/Volume/Profit

1. Explain the meaning of fixed, variable, and semi-variable expenses.
2. In a cost/volume/profit analysis, what is the profit number if you are computing a breakeven point (I will allow a one word answer here).
3. What are the limiting assumptions with a cost/volume/profit analysis?

Before-tax cost of debt and? after-tax cost of debt??Personal Finance Problem???David Abbot is interested in purchasing a bond issued by Sony. He has obtained the following information on the? security: Sony Bond Par value ? $1000 Coupon interest rate Corporate tax rate 5.5?% 35?% Cost????????? Years to maturity 10?? ?$910 Answer the following? questions: a.??Calculate the ?before-tax cost of the Sony bond using the? bond's yield to maturity? (YTM). b.??Calculate the ?after-tax cost of the Sony bond given the corporate tax rate. a.?? The ?before-tax cost of the Sony bond using the? bond's yield to maturity? (YTM) is nothing ?%. ?(Round to two decimal? places.)

Jake’s Roof Repair has provided the following data concerning its costs:

For example, wages and salaries should be $20,800 plus $15.00 per repair-hour. The company expected to work 2,800 repair-hours in May, but actually worked 2,700 repair-hours. The company expects its sales to be $44.00 per repair-hour.

Required:

Compute the company’s activity variances for May. (Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting "F" for favorable, "U" for unfavorable, and "None" for no effect (i.e., zero variance). Input all amounts as positive values.)

Cost Accounting

Butrico Manufacturing Corporation uses a standard cost system, records materials price variances when direct materials are purchased, and prorates all variances at year-end. Variances associated with direct materials are prorated based on the balances of direct materials in the appropriate accounts, and variances associated with direct labor and manufacturing overhead are prorated to Finished Goods Inventory and to Cost of Goods Sold (CGS) on the basis of the relative direct labor cost in these accounts at year-end.

The following information is for the year ended December 31:

The company had no beginning inventories and no ending Work-in-Process (WIP) Inventory. It applies manufacturing overhead at 80% of standard direct labor cost.

Finished goods inventory at 12/31:                                       

Direct materials $             85,900

Direct labor                      130,300              

Applied manufacturing overhead                             104,800              

Direct materials inventory at 12/31                        65,400

Cost of goods sold for the year ended 12/31:                               

Direct materials $             354,100              

Direct labor                      741,100              

Applied manufacturing overhead                             592,900              

Direct materials price variance (unfavorable)                   11,600

Direct materials usage variance (favorable)                       15,400

Direct labor rate variance (unfavorable)                19,800

Direct labor efficiency variance (favorable)                       5,700   

Actual manufacturing overhead incurred                             691,900              

1. Compute the amount of Direct Materials Price Variance to be prorated to Finished Goods Inventory at December 31.

What is cost-push inflation?

What factors can start a cost-push inflation?

What must the Fed's response be for the inflation to continue?

Jake’s Roof Repair has provided the following data concerning its costs:

For example, wages and salaries should be $20,800 plus $15.00 per repair-hour. The company expected to work 2,600 repair-hours in May, but actually worked 2,500 repair-hours. The company expects its sales to be $50.00 per repair-hour.

Required:

Compute the company’s activity variances for May. (Indicate the effect of each variance by selecting "F" for favorable, "U" for unfavorable, and "None" for no effect (i.e., zero variance). Input all amounts as positive values.)