6) Fill in the blanks AND put the following steps of DNA replication in the correct order

5. You extract chromosomal DNA from 5 cultures of bacteria given to you by another researcher. You are trying to determine if any of the cultures are related to each other, or if they are different. You perform a restriction digest with a restriction enzyme AluI and run the resulting digested DNA out on a 1% agarose gel. The banding patterns in lanes 1 and 5 look the same, but the banding patterns in lanes 2, 3, and 4 look different from the rest. What can you conclude from this information?

6. Suppose you want multiple copies of a gene you have synthesized. How would you obtain the necessary copies by cloning? By PCR?

7. Why did the use of DNA polymerase from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus allow researchers to add the necessary reagents to tubes in a preprogrammed heating block?

8. Explain the difference between antigenic shift and antigenic drift. Using the example of influenza, why is there such concern about the possible emergence of a particularly virulent strain of influenza?

A 22-year-old woman comes to the office due to worsening cough. The patient has been coughing every day for the past several months, but over the last 4 weeks, the cough has worsened, with increased amounts of thick sputum and shortness of breath. Streaks of blood have been present in the sputum on several occasions. The patient also has a history of chronic sinusitis and repeated hospitalizations for airway infections. She takes pancreatic enzyme supplements for chronic diarrhea. She does not use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs. Physical examination reveals nasal polyps, a barrel-shaped chest, bilateral coarse lung crackles, and digital clubbing. Chest x-ray shows hyperinflated lungs and dilated, thickened airways. The patient is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis.

Sputum culture from this patient is most likely to yield which of the following organisms?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Yersinia pestis

Yersinia enterocolitica

Bartonella henselae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Staphylococcus aureus

A 22-year-old woman comes to the office due to worsening cough. The patient has been coughing every day for the past several months, but over the last 4 weeks, the cough has worsened, with increased amounts of thick sputum and shortness of breath. Streaks of blood have been present in the sputum on several occasions. The patient also has a history of chronic sinusitis and repeated hospitalizations for airway infections. She takes pancreatic enzyme supplements for chronic diarrhea. She does not use tobacco, alcohol, or illicit drugs. Physical examination reveals nasal polyps, a barrel-shaped chest, bilateral coarse lung crackles, and digital clubbing. Chest x-ray shows hyperinflated lungs and dilated, thickened airways. The patient is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis.

Sputum culture from this patient is most likely to yield which of the following organisms?

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Yersinia pestis

Yersinia enterocolitica

Bartonella henselae

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Staphylococcus aureus

Time 11:55 AM.

A sixteen-year-old girl is rushed to the emergency room due to extreme fatigue during P.E.

Patient History

- Since young she has had recurrent episodes of extreme fatigue.

- Episodes occurred only if she fasted for more than 8 hours

- Her mother routinely gave her food late at night and woke her early for breakfast

- Her developed height and weight are normal

- Today, she missed breakfast and by noon was extremely fatigued.

Treatment in ER

- At the hospital she was immediately given glucose intravenously. Her symptoms

responded dramatically.

Her initial blood work showed:

Serum glucose was low (38 mg/dl; normal is 70-100)

Blood urea slightly elevated

Free fatty acid levels were elevated

Ketone bodies were below normal

1. What is wrong with her? Explain.

2. Which enzyme is defective? Explain.

3. What treatment will help her? Explain.

Hydralazine is more effective in childhood and adolescent hypertension than in adult disease.

Select one:

True

False

One of the most common adverse effects of misoprostol that makes the drug difficult to tolerate in older adults is:

Select one:

A.constipation

B.diarrhea

C.hyperphosphatemia

D.headache

Your patient has asked for an antihistamine to relieve his symptoms of an upper respiratory infection. You explain to him that studies have demonstrated that for treatment of the common cold, antihistamines:

Select one:

A.do not relieve symptoms and are not recommended

B.should be compounded with other products to be effective

C.are effective in relieving cold symptoms

D.relieve nonallergenic symptoms only

Clear my choice

For patients taking clozapine, the nurse should assess which of the following laboratory values weekly?

Select one:

A.complete blood count (CBC)

B.liver enzyme studies

C.hemoglobin and hematocrit

D.blood urea nitrogen and creatinine

Folic acid supplementation is especially important to prevent neural-tube birth defects (e.g., spina bifida).

Select one:

True

False

Fill in the blank- During eukaryotic transcription, the assembly of the general transcription factors begins with the binding of the factor________in a complex with the general transcription factor_________to DNA, causing a marked local distortion in the double helix. This factor binds at the DNA sequence called the________box, which is typically located 25 nucleotides upstream from the transcription start site. Once RNA polymerase II has been brought to the promoter DNA, it must be released to begin making transcripts. This release process is facilitated by the addition of phosphate groups to the tail of RNA polymerase by the factor_______. General transcription factor and RNA polymerase are not sufficient to efficiently initiate transcription in the cell and are affected by proteins bound thousands of nucleotides away from the promoter. Proteins that link distantly bound transcription regulators to RNA polymerase and the general transcription factors include the large complex of proteins called the _________. The packaging of DNA into chromatin also affects transcriptional initiation, and histone________ is an enzyme that can render the DNA less accessible to the general transcription factors.

EW = Egg White

1. Based on your results, what was the effect of pH change on the digestion of protein? How does that indicate the condition happening in the stomach and what is the optimal condition for the digestion of protein in the stomach?

2. How would you describe the effect of boiling the enzyme pepsin on its ability to digest the egg-white protein? What is the technical term for this phenomenon? Please explain the result you have obtained.

3. Please comment freely on the fate of both carbohydrate and protein digestion in the stomach based on the result you have obtained from this experiment.

3.

An individual who is XX, and secretes high testosterone levels from the adrenal glands during development, will have the following phenotype (morphology):

Select one:

a. testes and female-like genitalia

b. ovaries and male-like external genitalia, with only Wolffian duct differentiation

c. testes and male-like genitalia

d. ovaries and female-like genitalia

e. ovaries and partially masculinized external genitalia, with both Wolffian and Mullerian duct differentiation

4.

An individual who is XY, but does not produce 5 alpha reductase enzyme, will have the following phenotype (morphology):

Select one:

a. ovaries and female-like internal and external genitalia

b. testes and partially feminized external genitalia, with only Wolffian duct differentiation

c. testes and male-like external genitalia, with only Mullerian duct differentiation

d. testes and partially feminized external genitalia, with both Wolffian and Mullerian duct differentiation

e. ovaries at birth that become testes at puberty